Organelles & Cell Structure
What is the function of ribosomes?
They make protein!
Which one is more complex?
Animal Cells!
Transport of solutes in or out of the cell using diffusion.
Passive Transport
Two types of metabolic pathways:
Anabolic and Catabolic
is a measure of disorder. Every time energy changes or is transferred some is lost as heat. Heat is the random motion of particles.
Entropy
What is the nuclear envelope and what does it do?
It is a double membrane that separates DNA from the cytoplasm.
What system do plant and animal cells have in common?
Endomembrane system
Transport of solutes in or out of the cell using energy.
Active Transport
catalysts within that regulate cellular reactions. Proteins or RNA (ribozymes) are included.
Enzymes
What is free energy?
energy available to do work (to break and form bonds)
What is the largest organelle and how many are in each cell?
Nucleus; one per cell.
What are the 3 types of Cytoskeleton in increasing order?
Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules
What are the two types of bulk transport?
Endocytosis & Exocytosis.
Difference between cofactors and coenzymes.
Cofactors - chemical components that assist enzymes often metallic (zinc), something not organic.
Coenzymes - (non-protein organic molecules) vitamins often function as coenzymes. Act as a piece of the active site.
What is ATP?
Energy currency in the cell.
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic Cells & Eukaryotic Cells
What is the cell membrane primarily composed of?
Phospholipids
What are the 3 steps of signaling?
1. Reception
2. Transduction
3. Response
What is the first and second law of thermodynamics?
1st - Energy can not be created or destroyed but it can be transferred.
2nd - If energy is transferred or transmitted, some will be lost.
How do enzymes affect exergonic reactions?
They lower the activation energy by bringing substrates together in the correct orientation and they stress chemical bonds of a substrate.
What are the 4 components of cells?
-Plasma Membrane
-Cytoplasm
-DNA
-Ribosomes
Name somethings just animal cells have and just plant cells have.
Animal Cells - ER, Golgi, Nuclear Envelope
Plant Cells - large central vacuole, Cell wall
also called Endocrine (hormonal) signaling, where specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often bloods. The hormones reach most body cells, but are bound by and affect only some cells.
Long Distance Signaling
Catalytic Cycle:
1. Substrates enter active site.
2. Substrates are held in active site by weak interactions.
3. Active site can lower E and speed up a reaction.
4. Substrates are converted to products.
5. Products are released.
6. Active site is available for two new substrate molecules.
What are the 6 membrane protein functions?
1. Transport
2. Enzymatic Activity
3. Signal Transduction
4. Cell–Cell Recognition
5. Intercellular Joining
6. Attachment to the Cytoskeleton and Extracellular Matrix (ECM)