Important Figures
The person who concluded that mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies, and that knowledge is innate—born within us.
Who is Socrates?
An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind, was started by Edward B. Titchener.
What is structuralism?
A number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between two variables.
What is a correlation coefficient?
What are the three main types of research?
The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, there- fore, rely on observation and experimentation.
What is Empiricism?
The person who set up first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879; known for training subjects in introspection and for his theory of structuralism
Who is Wilhelm Wundt?
A longstanding controversy in psychology over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to developing psychological traits and behaviors
What is the nature-nurture issue?
The process by which participants for research are selected
What is sampling?
The subjects do not know whether they are the control group or the experimental group
What is a single-blind design?
The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
What is behavioral psychology?
The person who revolutionized psychology with his psychoanalytic theory; believed the unconscious mind must be examined through dream analysis, word association, and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques; criticized for being unscientific and creating unverifiable theories
Who is Sigmund Freud?
The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
What are the levels of analysis?
Any difference between the experimental and control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might affect the dependent variable
What is a confounding variable?
a seemingly therapeutic object or procedure that causes the control group to believe they are in the experimental group but actually contains none of the tested material
What is a placebo?
Modern psychological perspective emphasizing that change occurs across a lifespan; focus has shifted over recent years to teens and adults
What is the developmental perspective?
A Gestalt psychologist who argued against dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures
Who is Max Wertheimer?
The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.
What is psychometrics?
Each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group
What is random assignment?
researchers use to witness and record situations without becoming involved or drawing attention to the study
What is naturalistic observation?
Theory that states that the whole experience is often more than just the sum of the parts, because the way we experience the world is more than just an accumulation of various perceptual experiences; relatively little influence on current psychology
What is Gestalt psychology?
Student of William James who pioneered he study of child development and was the first president of the APA
Who is G. Stanley Hall?
Research that was undertaken to solve a specific problem
What is applied research?
Cues about the purpose of the study; participants use such cues to try to respond appropriately, skewing the validity of the experiment.
What are demand characteristics?
the conclusion that there is no difference when in fact there is such a difference
What is a type-2 error?
Modern clinical viewpoint emphasizing the understanding of mental disorders in terms of unconscious needs, desires, memories, and conflicts
What is psychodynamic psychology?