13. Social Psychology
Which of the following is the theory that suggests people seek to evaluate their own beliefs and abilities by comparing them with those of others? a) Social comparison theory b) Human comparison theory c) Equivalency hypothesis d) Social recognition theory
a) Social comparison theory
Two common pitfalls in personality assessment are ______ and ______. a) The P.T. Barnum effect; illusory correlation b) The hindsight bias; the foresight effect c) Lexical determinism; lexical confirmation d) The representativeness heuristic; the availability heuristic
a) The P.T. Barnum effect; illusory correlation
A disorder in which the person feels the world around them is strange or illusory is called ______. a) Derealization/depersonalization b) Hallucination c) Depression d) Agoraphobia
a) Derealization/depersonalization
A system in which therapists or institutional staff members provided tokens to clients to reward desired behaviour is an example of ______. a) Operant conditioning b) Acquisition theory c) Aversion therapy d) Rational-emotive behavioural therapy
a) Operant conditioning
Which Freudian term refers to psychologically returning to a younger age when things seemed simple and safe? a) Repression b) Regression c) Sublimation d) Rationalization
b) Regression
Which term describes the situation in which people do not come to the aid of another because there are many other people around to help? a) Social loafing b) Groupthink c) Diffusion of responsibility d) Pluralistic ignorance
c) Diffusion of responsibility
Which term refers to a group of traits that repeatedly surface in factor analyses of personality measures? a) The Big Three b) The Big Five c) The Six Variables d) The Dirty Dozen
b) The Big Five
Which term describes a condition in which a person forgets significant events in their life and escapes from stressful circumstances? a) Dissociative fugue b) Avoidance disorder c) Dissociative identity disorder d) Depersonalization disorder
a) Dissociative fugue
A therapeutic technique in which clients express themselves without any censorship from themselves or the counsellor is called ______. a) Behavioural assessment b) Free association c) Reflection d) Two-chair
b) Free association
Which term refers to a condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, interpersonal relationships, and impulse control? a) Psychopathic personality b) Schizophrenia c) Chronic dyspredictability syndrome d) Borderline personality disorder
d) Borderline personality disorder
If you have always given money to coin and bill collectors during the holidays, you are likely to continue to do so to maintain an image that and others have of you as a generous person. This is an example of ______. a) Cognitive dissonance b) Impression management c) Groupthink d) Social perception
b) Impression management
Freud believed that the ego uses unconscious manoeuvres called ______ to minimize anxiety. a) Id-protective devices b) Psychic agencies c) Oedipal defences d) Defence mechanisms
d) Defence mechanisms
The tendency to feel that there is nothing we can do to improve our situation because events are beyond our control is called ______. a) Pessimism b) External locus of control c) Cognitive depletion d) Learned helplessness
d) Learned helplessness
Which type of treatment aims to strengthen social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions? a) Interpersonal therapy b) Psychodynamic therapy c) Humanistic therapy d) Gestalt therapy
a) Interpersonal therapy
Which of the following is the term for repetitive behaviour performed to reduce or prevent distress or to relieve feelings of shame or guilt? a) Meditative practice b) Delusion c) Compulsion d) Obsession
c) Compulsion
______ refers to negative attitudes towards others, whereas ______ refers to negative behaviours towards others. a) Prejudice; discrimination b) Discrimination; prejudice c) Stereotyping; prejudice d) Discrimination; stereotyping
a) Prejudice; discrimination
Carl Jung subscribed to the notion of a ______, which he thought was a shared storehouse of ancestral memories. a) Superiority complex b) Power of myth c) Collective unconscious d) Inferiority complex
c) Collective unconscious
Many people with ______ describe themselves as "worry warts" and spend an average of up to 60% of each day worrying. a) Neurotic angst disorder b) Pervasive anxiety disorder c) Generalized anxiety disorder d) Continuous worry disorder
c) Generalized anxiety disorder
Systematic desensitization is based on the principle of ______, which says that people cannot experience two conflicting responses at the same time. a) Cognitive dissonance b) Reciprocal inhibition c) Anxiety hierarchy d) Sensitivity exposure
b) Reciprocal inhibition
The use of medications to treat psychological problems is called ______. a) Pharmacotherapy b) Psychopharmacology c) Psychopharmacotherapy d) Psychotherapeutic pharmacology
c) Psychopharmacotherapy
Brittany has announced to her friends that she wants to exercise more this semester. As her friends head off to the school gym, Britney flips on the TV and settles in for a night of relaxed inactivity. Which of the following terms describes her mental state at the moment? a) Implicit familiarity b) Cognitive bias c) Cognitive dissonance d) Cognitive consonance
c) Cognitive dissonance
According to Carl Rogers, the three major components of personality are ______. a) Internal, external, and median loci of control b) Organism, self, and conditions of worth c) Id, ego, and superego d) Common, structured, and projective systems
b) Organism, self, and conditions of worth
An intense fear of certain objects, places, or situations that is greatly out of proportion to any actual threat they may pose falls into the diagnostic category of ______. a) Specific phobia b) Generalized phobia c) Phobic anxiety disorder d) Agoraphobia
a) Specific phobia
A treatment based on classical conditioning that pairs undesirable behaviours with stimuli that are unpleasant is called ______. Unfortunately, this treatment model has received only mixed support from research studies. a) Assertiveness training b) Token economy therapy c) Aversion therapy d) Participant modelling therapy
c) Aversion therapy
Martin and Lewis are having trouble in their relationship. They seem to squabble about money. Martin likes to spend and Lewis does not, and their communication patterns on this issue are not very good. In most other ways their relationship is quite solid, and they definitely love and respect one another. What therapeutic approach might be good for them? a) Behavioural therapy for Lewis b) Gestalt therapy c) Family therapy d) Behavioural therapy for Martin
c) Family therapy