Ch. 8
This may be the reason why people may be more afraid to fly than to drive a car.
Availability heuristic
How many uses can you think of for a brick? If you were to compile a long, creative list of tasks that a brick could be used for, you would be engaged in __________.
Divergent thinking
Supposed phase of adulthood characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth.
Midlife crisis
The tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a situation, called a stressor - a type of stimulus - strains our ability to cope effectively.
Stress
Bob is a seasoned history teacher with many years of experience. When discussing a current event in class, Bob draws on his extensive background in history to provide context. Bob uses his knowledge to answer students’ questions, provide examples, and clarify concepts. What intelligence is Bob demonstrating?
Crystallized intelligence
Helle is trying to hang up a picture in her dorm room. She has the framed picture, she has the nail, but she does not have a hammer. She puts the project aside until her roommate comes in and suggests that Helle use her clog shoe to hammer in the nail. Which of the following would explain why Helle did not think of this solution immediately?
Functional fixedness
The textbook authors propose that the current Dalai Lama exemplifies the quality of __________ because "despite arguing forcefully for Tibet’s independence from China, he has consistently advocated for nonviolence and a willingness to engage in constructive dialogue with his opponents."
Wisdom
Some people think that if a particular event precedes a particular behaviour, then that proves that the behaviour was caused by the event. This type of thinking is called the __________.
Post hoc fallacy
Symptoms of __________ include flashbacks, efforts to avoid reminders of the trauma, feelings of detachment or estrangement from others, difficulty sleeping, and startling easily.
PTSD
Bob is a team leader at his company, and he notices that one of his team members, Billy, has been unusually quiet and disengaged during meetings. Bob senses that something might be bothering Billy, so he pays attention to his body language and tone, which indicate he may be feeling overwhelmed or stressed. Bob approaches Billy privately and expresses concern for his well-being. When Billy opens up about feeling overwhelmed with his workload and personal issues, Bob listens attentively without interrupting, validating his feelings. Bob collaborates with Billy to find ways to lighten his workload. After implementing these changes, Bob checks in with Billy regularly to see how he’s doing, ensuring he feels supported and valued. What kind of intelligence does Bob have?
Emotional intelligence
The term “mondegreen” refers to certain song lyrics that are commonly misheard as completely different strings of words, often combinations that make no sense. Mondegreens are an example of __________.
Top-down processing
Researchers told teachers that 20 percent of children who had taken an IQ test were “bloomers” who would soon reach their full intellectual potential, even though in reality those children were no different from the other children in the group. Later in the year, when these "bloomer" children were tested, they scored four points higher than the rest of the group. This outcome is an example of __________.
Expectancy effects
Children with certain genetic predispositions often seek out and create their own environments. This observation has been called __________ and illustrates the importance of considering multiple interacting influences on human development.
Nature via nurture
Anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping.
Proactive coping
Bob is a software developer who’s facing a tight deadline for a project at work. Bob realizes that he’s behind schedule and that the project requirements are more complex than he initially thought. Instead of stressing out, Bob talks to his manager to explain the situation and ask for advice on prioritizing tasks. He makes a detailed list of what needs to be done and breaks the project into smaller, manageable tasks and he also reaches out to a colleague who has experience with similar projects to get insights and tips. What method of coping is Bob using?
Problem-focused coping
Nathalia listens intently as her economics professor describes the 4 percent unemployment rate in her county. Troubled by this statistic, she later talks with her friend Gigi, who is enrolled in a different section of the same economics course. “Unemployment in our county is horrible!” laments Nathalia. “What do you mean?” replies Gigi. “The professor clearly told us that 96 percent of people in our county have a job, which sounds pretty good to me.” Which barrier to reasoning rationally could be affecting Nathalia and Gigi's conclusions?
Framing
Idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill.
Multiple intelligences
Some mothers are believed to experience __________, a period of depression that comes on after their children leave home, although most research suggests there are cohort effects on the incidence of this condition.
Empty-nest syndrome
The popular idea that __________, expressing extreme emotions about painful feelings, is always beneficial has been challenged by research showing that although it may make us feel better in the short-term, it can actually make things worse in the long-term.
Catharsis
Bob is an aspiring musician. Bob comes from a family with a history of musical talent; his mother was a professional pianist, and his father played guitar in a band. This genetic predisposition gives him a natural affinity for music. Growing up, Bob’s parents encouraged his musical interests. They provided him with instruments, enrolled him in music classes, and took him to concerts. This nurturing environment fosters his skills and passion for music. Bob practices regularly, motivated by the support and encouragement from his family. His parents often attend his performances and give constructive feedback, further enhancing his abilities. Bob is exposed to various musical styles and genres at home, shaping his musical tastes and influencing his development as a musician. What is this effect called?
Nature via nurture effect
Talking with your friends about the game last night, you mention that the coach should have never tried that low-probability play. What is this effect called?
Hindsight bias effect
Model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing 3 distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative.
Triarchic model
Jerry sees a bicycle sitting unattended in an alleyway. Their first impulse is to take it; they would have a new bike, and that would be pretty cool. However, they reason to themself that taking the bicycle is against the law, and laws are laws; they are there for a reason. According to Larry Kohlberg's model of moral reasoning, what stage of morality has Jerry achieved?
Conventional
Deciding whether an event is harmful or threatening to us represents __________, whereas deciding how well we can cope with that event represents __________.
primary appraisal; secondary appraisal
Bob is a project manager at a tech company facing significant challenges with a high-stakes project that is behind schedule and over budget. Despite the setbacks, Bob remains dedicated to the project and his team. He believes in the project’s potential and is committed to finding a way to turn things around. Instead of feeling defeated by the difficulties, Bob views them as opportunities to learn and grow. He sees the project’s challenges as a chance to innovate and improve processes. When unexpected obstacles arise—like a key team member leaving—Bob doesn’t give in to frustration. Instead, he quickly reassesses the situation, reallocates tasks, and motivates the team to adapt and stay focused on the end goal. What trait does Bob have?
Hardiness