Internatio-nalization
LAURA: Cross-out the option which does NOT represent one of the main manifestations of the agenda of internationalization in HE. (de Wit, 2019)
A. Branding
B. Reputation
C. Innovation
D. Mobility
E. Shift from Cooperation to Competition
C. Innovation
ROI: According to Bernsasconi and Celis (2017), Ecuador’s policy on free tuition to public education was an attempt by President Correa (2007-2017) to improve the quality of higher education. What form of initiative for reform does this illustrate?
A. Bottom-up
B. Top-down
C. Hybrid
D. None of the above
The correct answer is Letter B. Top-down initiative means that the efforts of structural changes come from the higher parts of the organization.
You lose 100 points!
-100 pts.
DIVA: Which concept is critical for the transformation of African higher education systems? (Woldegiorgis, 2022)
A. Decentralization of administrative structures
B. Focus on STEM education exclusively
C. Responsiveness to socio-economic and technological changes
D. Reduction in the number of higher education institutions
C. Responsiveness to socio-economic and technological changes
SASHA: Which region today has the lowest participation rates in tertiary education in the world?
A. Sub-Saharan Africa
B. Middle East and North Africa
C. South Asia
D. East Asia
A. Sub-Saharan Africa
TAMARA: According to de Wit (2019), What has driven the recent emergence of the concept and strategy known as the 'internationalization of higher education' over the last 30 years?
A. Solely political factors.
B. Economic motivations exclusively.
C. A dynamic combination of political, economic, socio-cultural, and academic rationales.
D. Academic stakeholders only.
C. A dynamic combination of political, economic, socio-cultural, and academic rationales.
ROI: According to Bernsasconi and Celis (2017), which of the following was NOT an influence on the delay of globalized trends in Latin America during the 1980s?
A. Acute economic recession
B. Rough transitions to democratic rule
C. Economic structural adjustments
D. Expansion of student financial aid
The correct answer is Letter D. Student financial aid expansion is a sign of keeping on track with globalization, albeit not widespread in Latin American countries (specifically in Chile and Brazil) until 2009-2013 (p. 4).
WILL: What is one trend that is not increasing in US higher education: (Cantwell, 2018)
A. Increase of managerial professionals
B. Increase in student loan debt
C. Increase in faculty eligible tenure
D. Increase in competition
C. Increase in faculty eligible tenure
Rationale: Between 1990 and 2012 the number of professional non-faculty staff grew from fifty to eighty-three per 1,000 students at public research universities and from fifty-six to 102 per 1,000 students at private research universities. Over this period the share of all faculty members who are part-time and who are not eligible for tenure has ballooned.
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SHAMS: On average across OECD countries, what is the percentage of GDP allocated for tertiary education? (OECD, 2019)
A. 1.5%
B. 3.5%
C. 2.5%
D. 5.5%
A. 1.5%
TAMARA: According to HANS DE WIT (2019), what are some key changes in higher education globally?
A. Localized knowledge economy and massification.
B. Reputation and rankings exclusively.
C. Massification, global knowledge economy, and emphasis on reputation and rankings.
D. Strict adherence to traditional educational models.
C. Massification, global knowledge economy, and emphasis on reputation and rankings.
BONUS!
You get 300 points.
WILL: What is one exception to the general movement towards a multiversity-type US system? (Cantwell, 2018)
A. Growth in online higher education
B. Vocational training
C. Religious institutions
D. Military academies
A. Growth in online higher education
Rational: Online teaching and learning is now commonplace in US higher education. Online teaching and learning are now commonplace in US higher education. It is estimated that 28% of students take at least one online course (Allen et al., 2015) MOOC’s (originating from elite universities) have been the biggest challenge to traditional delivery. Although, online provision has increased the diversity of US higher education but has not fully disrupted the system as futurists predicted.
DIVA: Which approach is suggested for African higher education institutions to align with future needs and challenges? (Woldegiorgis, 2022)
A. Limiting enrollment to decrease operational costs
B. Embracing African identity and pluralistic epistemic orientations
C. Prioritizing partnerships with European institutions
D. Focusing exclusively on research outputs
B. Embracing African identity and pluralistic epistemic orientations
SHAMS: On average across OECD countries, what is the level of expenditure per full-time student in tertiary education? (OECD, 2019)
A. 3,100 USD
B. 5,600 USD
C. 18,100 USD
D. 10,100 USD
C. 18,100 USD
TAMARA: How has global ranking reshaped global higher education, according to Marginson (2017)? (this is described in my article)
A. By promoting collaboration over competition.
B. By diminishing the importance of hierarchy.
C. Through fostering a competitive market of universities and countries.
D. By encouraging complacency rather than continuous improvement.
C. Through fostering a competitive market of universities and countries.
DANIELLA: What challenges did Latin American universities face in implementing the principles of the Cordoba reform movement?
A. Political instability often led to revocation of autonomy and increased state control.
B. Universities struggled to maintain traditional academic structures without adaptation.
C. Lack of funding prevented the establishment of extension functions and research initiatives.
D. Faculty and student bodies resisted changes, leading to stagnation in reform efforts.
A. Political instability often led to revocation of autonomy and increased state control.
MARIAM and AYSEL: Which type of universities in Canada attract significant government grants and international students? (Jones, 2018)
A. Small, elite universities
B. U15 research universities
C. Universities with selective undergraduate programs
D. Universities with primarily local populations.
B. U15 research universities
JOSE: What can be inferred about the potential long-term impacts of colonial educational policies on indigenous knowledge systems and cultural practices in Africa? (Woldegiorgis, 2013)
A. The policies might have led to a renaissance of indigenous knowledge systems by highlighting their value in contrast to colonial models.
B. Such policies likely contributed to a gradual erosion or marginalization of indigenous knowledge systems and cultural practices.
C. Indigenous knowledge systems were completely preserved due to their informal transmission methods, unaffected by formal colonial education.
D. Colonial educational policies had no significant impact on indigenous knowledge, as they were largely rejected by African societies.
Correct Answer: B
Reasoning: The imposition of colonial education likely marginalized indigenous knowledge and practices, as the focus on European models suggested a devaluation of local systems.
ZEE and SHUB: How can the combination of face-to-face provision with elements of open and distance learning (ODL) benefit higher education institutions (HEIs)? (According to UNESCO)
A. By limiting the role of HE in supporting lifelong learning (LLL).
B. By reducing the resilience of HEIs during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
C. By hindering the accommodation of students with non-traditional qualifications.
D. By better-equipping HEIs to provide Flexible Learning Pathways (FLPs) to a wider range of learners and enhancing their resilience to continue learning during crises.
D. By better-equipping HEIs to provide Flexible Learning Pathways (FLPs) to a wider range of learners and enhancing their resilience to continue learning during crises.
LAURA: Knight (2008) defines Internationalization as:
A. The process of integrating an international, intercultural, or global dimension into the pragmatism, facilitation, and service of post-secondary education.
B. The process of integrating an intermediary, transcendent dimension into the pragmatism, facilitation, and service of post-secondary education.
C. The process of integrating an international, intercultural, or global dimension into the purpose, functions and delivery of post- secondary education
D. The process of integrating an intermediary, transcendent dimension into the purpose, functions and delivery of post- secondary education
A. The process of integrating an international, intercultural, or global dimension into the pragmatism, facilitation, and service of post-secondary education.
DANIELLA: Which aspect of Latin American university tradition remains resilient despite pressures to emulate the U.S. model?
A. Emphasis on academic capitalism
B. Focus on economic profitability
C. Promotion of academic elitism
D. Participatory governance and social engagement
D. Participatory governance and social engagement
MARIAM and AYSEL:
How do Canadian universities generally treat secondary schools in terms of equivalence?
A. They primarily rely on national standardized test scores.
B. They consider them relatively equivalent.
C. They favor schools with higher prestige.
D. They don't consider secondary schools in the admission process.
B. They consider them relatively equivalent.
JOSE: Given the structural adjustment policies' impact in the 1980s, what can be inferred about the role of international financial institutions in shaping the priorities of African higher education systems during this period? (Woldegiorgis, 2013)
A. International institutions played a minor advisory role, with African governments retaining full autonomy over educational priorities.
B. These institutions had a significant, perhaps overriding, influence in prioritizing fiscal austerity over educational development, shaping the trajectory of higher education.
C. The policies of international financial institutions were largely aligned with the pre-existing priorities of African higher education systems.
D. International institutions actively promoted the expansion of higher education as a countermeasure to economic crises.
Correct Answer: B
Reasoning: The influence of structural adjustment policies indicates that international financial institutions played a significant role in dictating austerity measures, which included cuts in education funding, thereby impacting the development priorities of higher education.
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