Bone Formation
What is the process by which bone tissue is made?
Ossification
What joint allows for the greatest range of motion
Ball-and-Socket joint
What bone protects your brain the same way a helmet protects your head?
Skull
How many pairs of ribs are found in the skeleton?
12 pairs
24 total
What type of fracture occurs when a bone is broken straight across?
Transverse fracture
What are the cells that build new bone by producing bone matrix?
Osteoblasts
What are the joint functions and their classifications? And give an example for each.
Synarthrosis: immobile (ex., sutures)
Diarthrosis: freely movable (ex., knee joint/patellar joint, ball-and-socket joint)
Amphiarthrosis: slightly movable (ex., intervertebral discs)
What are 3 main functions of the skeletal system?
*answers may vary*
1. Provide shape and support
2. Protect internal organs
3. Allows movement
What mineral and protein do bones within the skeletal system store?
Mineral: Calcium
Protein: Collagen
What type of fracture occurs when the bone shatters into 3+ pieces?
Osteoclasts
What are the types of structural joints and their classifications?
Fibrous joints: joints held together by dense connective tissue
Cartilaginous joints: joints held together by cartilage
Synovial joints: joints that possess a fluid-filled synovial cavity
What bones protect the spinal cord?
Vertebrae
What are the two layers of bone?
1. Compact
2. Spongey (found underneath compact bone)
How do bones heal, and what medical device is used to help them heal?
They heal naturally with the assistance of a cast, which keeps the limb stationary and promotes proper healing.
A child grows taller as their long bones lengthen. Which type of bone formation is responsible, and where does it occur?
Endochondral ossification at the growth plates
Explain how the following movements of synovial joints work: adduction, abduction, supination, inversion, and plantarflexion
1. Adduction: moves appendage toward midline
2. Adbuction: moves an appendage away from midline
3. Supination: palm of hand faces forward or upward
4. Inversion: turns sole of foot inward
5. Plantarflexion: pointing toes downward; raising the heel on tiptoes
If a person breaks their femur, which skeletal system function is most directly affected when they try to walk?
Movement and support
A patient undergoes blood tests. The blood tests indicate low calcium levels in the patient. Why is this harmful to bone health, and what is one possible consequence?
Calcium is the building block of bone structure, density, and strength. When calcium levels are depleted, bones can become weak and brittle. One possible consequence includes the development of osteoporosis.
1. a fractured hematoma (blood clot) forms
2. internal and external callus forms
3. cartilage of callus is replaced by trabecular bone
4. remodeling occurs
A newborn baby has a soft spot (fontanelle) on the skull that slowly hardens as it grows.
Explain how intramembranous ossification allows this bone to form and why this process is important for the baby's brain.
Intramembranous ossification allows flat bones, such as the skull, to form directly from mesenchymal tissue rather than from cartilage, and also forms quickly, to help protect the baby's brain.
An athlete injures the cartilage in their knee.
How might this injury affect movement at the joint?
Cartilage reduces friction and acts as a cushion between bones; when damaged, it can cause pain and stiffness and limit range of motion.
A student with poor posture experiences back pain due to spinal bone problems.
Which skeletal functions are affected, and how does posture relate to bone support?
Support and movement.
Posture helps support the body and maintain an upright position. Good posture keeps the spine in its natural alignment, while poor posture prevents the body from holding itself correctly and places stress on the vertebrae, causing pain.
Explain how vitamin D and calcium work together in bone health.
Vitamin D helps absorb calcium, and if one doesn't get enough vitamin D, it can affect their calcium levels, which can affect a bone's strength and density; together, they work to reduce the risk of osteoporosis.
An elderly patient with osteoporosis falls from standing height and fractures the hip. Why does low bone density increase fracture risk even with minor trauma?
Low bone density weakens bone and reduces its ability to absorb and distribute force, which can increase fracture risk because minor traumas or forces can generate enough stress on the bone to cause a fracture.