1
Define Compact bone.
tightly packed tissue that forms the wall of the diaphyses; also called cortical bone.
p.209-210
see p. 210 for more details about compact bone
List the bones of the axial skeleton.
axial skeleton- consists of the bony and cartilaginous parts that support and protect the organs of the head, neck and trunk.
Skull, middle ear bones, hyoid, verterbral column(vertebrae, sacrum), thoracic cage (ribs, sternum)
Define osteoblasts.
mesenchymal cells that are part of the connective tissues enlarge and differentiate into bone-forming cells; these deposit bony matrix around themselves.
p.214
Define bone fracture. List the types.
the breaking of the bone and its structures.
Greenstick fracture
Fissured fracture
Comminuted fracture
Transverse fracture
Oblique fracture
Spiral fracture
p.218, figure 7.1
bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending the knee)
p.281
Define Spongy bone.
also called cancellous bone; the epiphyses composed of thin layers of this; has many branches of bony plates called trabeculae
p.209-210
see p. 210 for more details about spongy bone
Define appendicular skeleton.
consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs, and bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton:
pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle), upper limb (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges), pelvic girdle, lower limb (femur, tibia, fibular, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
p.221-223
Define osteoclasts.
large, multinucleated cells that break down the calcified matrix.
p.216
What is a joint? List the classifications, types and an example of each.
called articulations and are connections between bones.
Classifications:
1) Fibrous- Syndesmoses (between tibia/fibula), Sutures (only between flat bones of the skull), Gomphoses (tooth root fastened to the maxilla)
2)Cartilaginous- Synchondroses (temporary here and disappear during growth; where epiphyseal plate connects an epiphysis to a diaphysis), Sympheses (pubic symphysis)
3) Synovial-Ball & Socket (hip, shoulder), Condylar (metacarpals, phalanges) Plane (wrist, ankle), Hinge (elbow), Pivot (ring of a ligament and atlas in neck), Saddle (carpal and metacarpal of thumb)
p. 275-280
Define Adduction.
moving a part toward midline(returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body.
p.282
Define articular cartilage. Where is it found?
hyaline cartilage that covers the outer surface of the articulating portion of the epiphysis
p.209
List the parts of the long bone.
epiphyses (located at each end and articulates with another bone)
Articular cartilage
Diaphysis (shaft of the bone)
Metaphysis (widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis)
Periosteum (tough, vascular covering of the bone)
Processes (bony projections)
Compact bone
Spongy bone
Medullary cavity (hollow chamber in the diaphysis)
Endosteum (thin membrane containing bone-forming cells that lines the medullary cavity)
Marrow
p.209-210
What is endochondral bone?
develop in the fetus from masses of hyaline cartilage shaped like future bony structures; most of the bones of the skeleton are this type.
p. 214
What is a joint capsule?
two distinct layers that hold the bones of a synovial joint together.
p. 278
Define Rheumatoid arthritis.
an autoimmune disorder where the synovial membrane of a joint becomes inflamed and thickened, forming a mass called pannus. The articular cartilage is damaged and fibrous tissue infiltrates, interfering with joint movements. Over time, the joint may ossify, fusing the articulating joints.
Very painful!
p. 292-293
What is the function of the skeletal system?
allows movement, holding things, weight-bearing
p.208
How does a bone thicken?
compact bone is deposited on the outside, beneath the periosteum
p.217
What is an epiphyseal plate and where is it located?
a band of cartilage that remains between the two ossification centers (diaphysis and epiphysis)
p.215
Define extension.
moving parts of a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening the knee)
p.281
a degenerative disorder and is the most common arthritis.
articular cartilage softens and disintegrates gradually, roughening the articular surfaces.
p.292
Define bone marrow and list the types.
Two types: 1) Red marrow (where erythrocytes, leukocytes, & platelets form); 2) Yellow marrow - replaces red marrow with age (stores fat and does not produce red blood cells)
p.212
How does a long bone lengthen?
continues to lengthen while the cartilaginous cells of the epiphyseal plates are active.
p.217
Why is Thyroid hormone important?
thyroid hormone, Thyroxine, stimulates replacement of cartilage in the epiphyseal plates of long bones with bone tissue.
p.218
moving a part away from the midline (lifting upper limb horizontally to form an angle with the side of the body)
p. 281
Define bursitis.
inflammation of a bursa due to overuse of a joint or stress on a bursa
p.292