Describe the function of both Sharpey's fibers and the periosteum
Sharpey's (perforating) fibers secure the periosteum to the underlying bone. The periosteum is the fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers and protects the diaphysis.
100
What is the structural and functional unit of a bone?
The osteon
100
What are the two major phases of ossification of the hyaline cartilage model?
1. The hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix by the osteoblasts. 2. The enclosed hyaline cartilage model is replaced by bone, and the center is digested away, opening up the medullary cavity.
100
What is the name for a clean break of the bone that does not penetrate the skin?
Closed (simple) fracture
200
Why is it important for calcium ions to be present in the blood?
Calcium is required for the nervous system to transmit messages, for muscle contraction, and for blood to clot.
200
Differentiate between the epiphyseal plate and the epiphyseal line.
The epiphyseal plate is seen in young, growing bone and consists of hyaline cartilage. The epiphyseal plate causes the lengthwise growth of a long bone. The epiphyseal line is a remnant of the epiphyseal plate and is composed of bone tissue.
200
Describe the function of the Haversian canal.
The Haversian canal runs lengthwise through the bony matrix, carrying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone
200
In order for the bones to grow in length, where must new cartilage be formed?
On the external face of the articular cartilage AND on the epiphyseal plate surface that faces the bone end.
200
How are fractures normally treated AND how do you treat a closed fracture?
Fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization. A closed fracture will be treated with a closed reduction, where the bones are coaxed back into their normal position by a physician.
300
Describe the characteristics associated with flat bones
Flat bones are thin, flattened, and usually curved. There are two layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone.
300
When does yellow marrow appear within the medullary cavity of a long bone and where does the red marrow become confined?
Red marrow is replaced by yellow marrow around the age of 6 or 7. The red marrow will be confined to the cavities of the spongy bone (epiphyses)
300
The communication pathway from outside the bone to its interior is completed by?
Perforating canals
300
How does the medullary cavity widen during appositional growth?
Osteoclasts within the endosteum remove bone from the inner face of the diaphysis wall
Describe the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
The axial skeleton is composed of the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body (skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage). The appendicular skeleton is formed from the bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton
400
Describe a foramen
It is a round or oval opening through a bone
400
What allows bone to resist compression?
Calcium salts
400
What is the name of the hormone responsible for regulating the level of blood calcium and stimulating osteoclast activity?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
400
What occurs during the third stage in fracture repair?
The bony callus replaces the fibrocartilage callus. The bony callus is composed of spongy bone.
500
Describe the relationship between muscle function and bone
Skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to move the body and its parts.
500
What category of bone marking is a trochanter AND what is a trochanter?
A trochanter falls under the category of projection/process. A trochanter is a very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process.
500
How does the structure of compact bone differ from the structure of spongy bone?
Compact bones appear solid and very dense with few holes (osteons). Spongy bone areas look like the cross-beams of a house with a lot of space between the bone spicules (trabeculae)
500
How does gravity influence bone remodeling?
The pull of gravity acting on the skeleton determines where bone matrix is to be broken down or formed.
500
Describe a compression fracture and which type of bone is more likely to suffer from this type of fracture?
A compression fracture is when the bone is crushed. It is more common in porous bones (osteoporosis)