Skin, wound, vector borne, and GI diseases

GI diseases

100

Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium

a. Esherichia coli
b. Salmonella enterica
c. Clostridium tetani
d. Staphylococcus aureus

b. salmonella enterica

200

Cholera is a serious gastrointestinal illness caused by bacteria of the genus:

a. escherichia
b salmonella
c. vibrio
d. acinetobacter

c. vibrio

300

Botulism is a disease caused by the production of a potent neurotoxin by bacteria of the genus:

a. staphlococcus
b. klebsiella
c. salmonella
d. clostridium

d. clostridium

400

Jim just went to his family reunion. He was excited to have Aunt Rosie's fried chicken and potato salad. After lunch everyone went to play kickball. Later Jim went back for seconds on the food. About 2 hours later he found himself afebrile with abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. What organism is most likely causing his suffering?

a. Salmonella

b. Clostridium botulinum

c. Staphylococcus aureus

d. Helicobacter pylori

c. Staphylococcus aureus

500

A patient complains of diarrhea not long after starting a new antibiotic. What organism is most likely infecting this patient?

a. Vibrio cholerae

b. Clostridium difficile

c. Escherichia coli

d. Campylobacter jejuni 

b. Clostridium difficile

Skin and wound

100

A 58-year old lawyer, Peter, presents in the emergency room with his jaw feeling weird, a headache, irritability, generalized muscle pain and uncontrollable back spasms. He has become very restless and worried because he has had the back spasms all through his court case that afternoon and they became extremely painful. In his history, the lawyer states that he has a very busy practice. He is on medication for high blood pressure (beta blocker) and has mild asthma. He injured himself about 10 days earlier, puncturing his left arm from an old barn nail. The wound has produced moderate quantities of pus, but he has it wrapped up. When asked, he said he was immunized to everything as a kid. The wound was sampled for microscopic examination and showed Gram positive rods. The back appears to have very tight contractions and spasms. The patient is in obvious agonizing pain.

What is your diagnosis? (Disease and causative agent name)

Disease: Tetanus
Causative agent: Clostridium tetani

200

A wound infection caused by bacteria entering through a cut is an example of:

A. A nosocomial infection
B. A portal of entry infection
C. A vector-borne infection
D. A zoonotic infection

B. A portal of entry infection

300

The toxin produced by Clostridium tetani causes:

A. Flaccid paralysis
B. Muscle rigidity and spasms
C. Severe diarrhea
D. Red blood cell destruction

B. Muscle rigidity and spasms

400

The “gas” produced in gas gangrene is caused by:

A. Viral replication inside muscle cells
B. Bacterial fermentation producing gas bubbles
C. The immune system releasing oxygen
D. Fungal spores multiplying in tissue

B. Bacterial fermentation producing gas bubbles

500

Which virulence factor of Clostridium perfringens contributes to tissue destruction?

A. Capsule formation only
B. Alpha toxin (lecithinase)
C. Endotoxin from a cell wall
D. Flagella movement

E. Enterotoxin

B. Alpha toxin (lecithinase)

Vector borne

100

Which symptom is commonly associated with early Lyme disease?

A. Erythema migrans
B. Muscle paralysis
C. Bloody diarrhea
D. Gas formation in tissues

A. Erythema migrans

200

A patient develops an expanding “bull’s-eye” rash several days after a tick bite. Which pathogen is most likely responsible?

A. Yersinia pestis
B. Borrelia burgdorferi
C. Rickettsia rickettsii
D. Clostridium perfringens

B. Borrelia burgdorferi

300

A patient presents with fever, swollen painful lymph nodes, and a history of flea exposure. Which disease is suspected?

A. Lyme disease
B. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
C. Bubonic plague
D. Malaria

C. Bubonic plague

400

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by:

A. Borrelia burgdorferi
B. Yersinia pestis
C. Rickettsia rickettsii
D. Plasmodium vivax

C. Rickettsia rickettsii

500

Which disease is caused by an obligate intracellular bacterium?

A. Lyme disease
B. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
C. Tetanus
D. Gas gangrene

B. Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Short answers

100

Staphylococcal Enterotoxicosis:

1. Is it an infection or intoxication?

2. What's the name of the causative agent?

3. How is it spread?

4. What are the main symptoms?

5. How is it treated?

6. How is it prevented?

1. intoxication

2. staphylococcus aureus 

3. the bacteria grow in food and produces an enterotoxin

4. vomiting, diarrhea, cramping

5. it is usually self-limiting

6. maintain foods at their proper temperatures, basic food safety

200

1. Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of what skin and wound disease?

2. What can cause ischemia?

3. Symptoms?

4. Treatment?

1. Gas gangrene

2. Diabetes, blood vessel diseases, injury or surgery, smoking, obesity, immunosuppression, medications (warfarin)

3. Skin that is purplish and gray, foul-smelling, may make a crackling sound when pressed on

4. Surgical debridement or amputation in some cases, antibiotics, hyperbaric oxygen chamber

300

H. pylori:

1. How does it survive the acidic environment of the stomach?

2. What major/primary symptom does it produce?

3. What are the other symptoms related to the primary symptom?

4. What are the different ways to diagnose H. pylori?

5. How is it treated?

• 1. By producing urease, an enzyme that breaks down urea into ammonia, which neutralizes the acid around the bacterium.
  2. Peptic ulcer disease, which commonly causes burning or gnawing upper abdominal pain.
• 3. Other symptoms may include nausea, bloating, belching, loss of appetite, early fullness, indigestion, and possible vomiting or gastrointestinal bleeding if ulcers worsen.
• 4. Urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, blood antibody tests, or endoscopy with biopsy and testing of stomach tissue.
• 5. Combination antibiotic therapy (usually two antibiotics) plus a proton pump inhibitor to reduce stomach acid and promote healing.

400

1. Salmonella are what type of bacteria?

2. What are common sources of salmonella?

3. Explain the pathogenesis of salmonella

4. How is it treated?

5. How is it prevented?

• Salmonella are what type of bacteria?
  Salmonella are Gram-negative, rod-shaped (bacillus) bacteria that are facultative anaerobes.

• What are common sources of Salmonella?
  Contaminated poultry, eggs, meat, unpasteurized milk, contaminated produce, reptiles, and other animals that carry the bacteria.

• Explain the pathogenesis of Salmonella.
  Salmonella causes disease by entering the body through contaminated food or water, invading intestinal epithelial cells, triggering inflammation, and causing diarrhea and gastrointestinal symptoms; some strains can spread into the bloodstream and cause systemic infections.

• How is it treated?
  Most Salmonella infections are treated with supportive care such as fluid and electrolyte replacement, while antibiotics are reserved for severe infections or high-risk patients.

• How is it prevented?
  Salmonella can be prevented through proper food handling, cooking meat and eggs thoroughly, avoiding unpasteurized products, washing hands, and preventing cross-contamination during food preparation.