SL Biology Year 1 Review

Topic 1: statistics

100

the graphical representation of the variability of data.

What are error bars

200

used to summarize the spread of values around the mean.

What is standard deviation

300

the percentage of data that falls within one standard deviation of the mean.

What is 68%

400

does not establish that there is a causal relationship between two variables.

What is existence of a correlation

500

Sea Turtles in the wild have a life span that is normally distributed for large samples. The mean lifetime is 100 years and the standard deviation is 61 years. To the nearest percent, what percent of sea turgles have lifetimes longer than 161 days?

What is 16%? Adding, we see that the mean + 1 s.d. = 161 years, an exact match to our question. The question is asking what percent of a distribution is beyond one standard deviation to the right of the mean. Since 50% lie above the mean, and 34% lies 1 s.d. above the mean, 50-34=16% lie beyond 161 years.

Topic 2: Cells

100

the order of ALL stages in the mitotic cell life cycle

What is Interphase: G1, S, G2, then Mitosis: P, M, A, T and cytokinesis

200

2 functions of membrane proteins

What are hormone binding cites, AND/OR enzymes, AND/OR electron carriers, AND/OR channels for passive transport, AND/OR pumps for active transport (must state two).

300

three components of the cell theory

What are: Living organisms are composed of cells. Cells are the smallest unit of life. Cells come from pre-existing cells.

400

sequence of vesicle transport in exocytosis

What occurs in the following order? 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum 2. Golgi apparatus 3. Plasma membrane

500

On a microscopic image magnified 100 times, if a cell appears 2.5cm long how long is it actually?

What is 0.025cm, or 250 micrometers? Mag= Image/Actual. So Actual = Image/Mag. Therefore 2.5cm/100 = 0.025cm.

Topic 3: Biochemistry

100

These are the kinds of 1.) INTRAmolecular bonds (within), and 2.) INTERmolecular bonds (between) molecules of water.

What are 1.) POLAR COVALENT, and 2.) HYDROGEN BONDS, respectively.

200

This is 1.) what most enzymes are made of, and 2.) what the enzyme acts on, and 3.) the place on the enzyme where it binds to what it acts on.

What are 1.) proteins, and 2.) substrate, and 3.) the active site?

300

These are the monomers of 1.) carbs, and 2.) proteins, and 3.) nucleic acids

What are 1.) monosaccharides, 2.) amino acids, 3.) nucleotides.

400

These are 1.) the three subunits of a DNA nucleotide and 2.) the full names of the four different kinds of DNA nucleotides.

What are 1.) phosphate+deoxyribose+nitrogenous base, and 2.) adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine.

500

This is your sketch and explanation of the effects of 1.) temperature, and 2.) pH, and 3.) substrate concentration on enzyme activity. And this is what a labelled graph would look like for each. (Draw and label them on the board!)

What is 1.) increase temperature increases enzyme activity until a precipitous decline at a critical temperature where the enzyme denatures, and 2.) most enzymes have an optimal pH where they work more efficiently "bell-shaped curve", and 3.) higher substrate concentrations lead to higher enzyme activity until all enzymes are busy and the active site is maxed out. At that point, any further substrate addition does not increase enzyme activity "the rate plateaus"

Topic 5: Ecology

100

State the name of these six terms: 1.) a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring; 2.) the environment in which a species normally lives or the "address" of an organism; 3.) a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area; 4.) a group of populations in the same area; 5.) a community and its abiotic environment; 6.) the study of relationships between biotic and abiotic factors in an environment.

What is 1.) species; 2.) habitat; 3.) population; 4.) community; 5.) ecosystem; 6.) ecology

200

Outline how population size is affected by natality, immigration, mortality and emigration.

What is ~.) Natality = increases population size as offspring are added to the population. ~.) Immigration = increases population size as individuals have moved into the area from somewhere else and so this adds to the population. ~.) Mortality = decreases the population as some individuals get eaten, die of old age or get sick. ~.) Emigration = decreases the population as individuals have moved out of the area to go live somewhere else.

300

Explain the reasons for the exponential growth phase, the plateau phase and the transitional phase between these two phases.

What is EXPONENTIAL PHASE: ~.) Rapid increase in population growth. ~.) Natality rate exceeds mortality rate. ~.) Abundant resources available. (food, water, shelter) ~.) Diseases and predators are rare. TRANSITIONAL PHASE: ~.) Natality rate starts to fall and/or mortality rate starts to rise. ~.) There is a decrease in the number of resources. ~.) An increase in the number of predators and diseases. ~.) Population still increasing but at a slower rate. PLATEAU PHASE: ~.) No more population growth, population size is constant. ~.) Natality rate is equal to mortality rate. ~.) The population has reached the carrying capacity of the environment. ~.) The limited resources and the common predators and diseases keep the population numbers constant.

400

Distinguish between autotrophs, heterotrophs, detritovores and saprotrophs

What is how an AUTOTROPH synthesises its own organic molecules from simple inorganic substances, where a HETEROTROPH is an organism that obtains organic molecules from consuming other organisms, where a DETRITOVORE is an organism that ingests non-living organic matter, and where a SAPROTROPH is an organism that secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs the products of digestion.

500

Explain the energy flow in a food chain, how much is lost between each level and three reasons why.

What is a decreasing amount of energy up each successive trophic level because energy transfers are never 100% efficient, an average of 90% is lost between each level due to ~1.) not all material from the lower trophic level is consumed by the next level; ~2.) not all of the consumption is fully digested, and ~3.) cellular respiration results in heat loss.

Topic 6: Human Physiology

100

Organ that makes bile

What is the liver? (stored in the gall bladder)

200

Vessel that goes from the right ventricle to the lungs, and what is unique about the blood it carries.

What is the pulmonary artery? Most arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, but this artery carries blood that is not oxygenated.

300

This is a list of three features of the villus that support its function.

What are: large surface area, AND/OR epithelium is single layer of cells for quick absorption, AND/OR contain microvilli to increase surface area even more (and filter out bacteria), AND/OR protein channels allow quick absorption and active transport, AND/OR have many mitochondria to provide ATP for active transport, AND/OR blood capillaries are close to epithelium to expedite diffusion, AND/OR lacteal down the middle of villus to absorb lipids

400

Distinguish between sensory neurons, relay neurons, and motor neurons

SENSORY NEURONS receive signals from receptors and carry them to the central nervous system (spinal cord or brain); RELAY NEURONS receive signals from sensory neurons and carry them to motor neurons; MOTOR NEURONS receive signals from relay neurons and carry them to an effector (muscle or gland)

500

This are the the order of the five different passageways that air travels through going into the lungs.

What is the oral/nasal cavity, pharynx, bronchus, bronchial tube, alveoli.