Theory
These are the set of principles or "rules" of conversation, violating them will result in confusion. They include quality, quantity, relevance, and manner.
What are conversational (Gricean) maxims?
With a common diagnostic criteria of difficulty with social interactions, these are the two diagnoses we have covered in class.
What are autism and social communication disorder?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 5th edition (DSM-V) lists the characteristics and traits of autism according to this model of disability.
What is the medical model of disability?
By this age, this huge shift in development can be characterized by pointing, shifting eye gaze, and social referencing.
What is the 9-month revolution?
This can be described as the tendency to fixate on and repeat an idea or topic.
What is perseveration?
This is the view that disability is a biophysical phenomenon, can be identified and defined, and requires remediation.
What is the medical model of disability?
This speech phenomenon involves the use of spoken phrases or sentences that are stored and repeated from memory, and are automatic. Examples include idioms, cliches, and other contextually/culturally relevant phrases.
What is formulaic language?
This model of disability says that people can find identity and pride in their disabilities, and that disability itself is a social construction.
What is the social model of disability?
This describes someone's cadence, or the patterns of stress, intonation, and rhythm in speech.
What is prosody?
An essential part of communication, this describes every way we communicate without language.
What is nonverbal communication?
A nonverbal code of communication, this is the term for visible body movements like facial expressions and gestures.
What is kinesics?
In conversation analysis, this is a two-part exchange where the second utterance is made relevant by the first.
What are adjacency pairs?
This is the movement that describes diagnoses like autism as variations in the brain with unique strengths, rather than an impairment or something to be hidden. This perspective is rooted in acceptance and pride.
What is neurodiversity?
This describes when a speaker's utterance suggests a certain meaning (e.g., saying "oh, you got a haircut." instead of saying you don't like the haircut).
What is implicature?
An act of the listener, this is the act of deriving meaning beyond what is said. (e.g., when someone says to you "oh, you got a haircut" you might derive the meaning that they don't actually like it).
What is inferencing?
This is a therapeutic approach that involves looking at the whole child, considering typical and atypical development, and interpreting the intention behind behaviors rather than extinguishing behaviors.
What is the developmental approach?
Nakane (2007) identifies many uses of this nonverbal communication strategy. They include maintaining social distance, a means of social control, and pauses.
What is silence?
The theory that autistic and nonautistic individuals may have difficulty understanding and feeling for one another because of their differing outlooks and experiences with the world.
What is the double empathy problem?
Often confused with the concept of "social communication," this area of linguistics/language puts meaning into context.
(e.g., "Can you close the door?" is not a yes/no, but rather a request.)
What is pragmatics?
This is a systematic approach to the study of both the verbal and non-verbal aspects of naturally occurring social interactions in everyday life as it unfolds moment-by-moment in time.
What is conversation analysis?
This is the idea that listeners and speakers work together to be mutually understood. In a conversation, people normally attempt to be clear. When the speaker violates a maxim, the listener generally accepts that it was intentional and does the cognitive work to make sense of it.
What is the cooperative principle?
This is the intentional violation of a conversational maxim to convey meaning (e.g., sarcasm).
What is flouting a maxim?
This has been described as a repetitive physical expression, used as a way of interacting with the world, an expression of emotion, and a way to regulate and process.
What is stimming?
Sarcasm is an example of a violation of this Gricean maxim.
What is the maxim of quality?
Guerrero (2014) identifies four major functions of this communication strategy: forming impressions, developing and maintaining relationships, sending messages related to dominance, and expressing emotion.
What is nonverbal communication?