Spastic Dysarthria
Spastic dysarthria is caused by this type of damage to these pathways.
What is bilateral damage to the direct and indirect activation pathways.
Flaccid dysarthria is caused by this type of damage to these structures.
What is unilateral or bilateral damage to one or more LMN's (cranial nerves or spinal nerves)?
Hyperkinetic dysarthria is associated with this type of damage.
What is basal ganglia control circuit damage within the pyramidal system?
Hypokinetic dysarthria is caused by this type of damage.
What is damage to the basal ganglia control circuit within the extrapyramidal system?
Ataxic dysarthria is associated with this type of damage.
What is damage to the cerebellar control circuit?
These signify the "basics" of spastic dysarthria.
What are weakness, spasticity, hypertonicity, and resistance to movement?
These are the effects of LMN damage within flaccid dysarthria.
What are difficulties with respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, muscle weakness, and reduced tone?
These are the speech characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria.
What are abnormal, rhythmic, or irregular, and unpredictable, rapid, or slow involuntary movements?
These are the neuromuscular basis of hypokinetic dysarthria.
What are bradykinesia, fast or slow repetitive movements, reduced range of individual and repetitive movements, reduced force, and excessive tone (rigidity)?
This is the neuromuscular basis of ataxic dyarthria
What is incoordination (erros in speed, range, force, timing, and direction of movement), reduced tone, and a variety of symptoms throughout systems?
This is the direct motor pathway that includes the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts.
What is the pyramidal system?
These are the impacts of weakness within flaccid dysarthria.
What are slow, labored articulation, hypernasal resonances, hoarse-breathy phonation, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, and specific acoustic features?
These are clinical characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria.
What are abnormal, involuntary movements and hyperkinesias?
These are the confirmatory signs of hypokinetic dysartrhia.
What are rigidity, decreased ROM, bradykinesia, false starts, festination of movements, resting tremor, and masked face?
What are irregular articulatory breakdowns, irregular AMRs, vowel distortions, excess/equal stress, dysprosody, and excess loudness variations?
This is the indirect motor pathway that synapses with the brain, spinal cord, and brainstem.
What is the extrapyramidal system?
These features separate flaccid dysarthria from other forms.
What is- possibly only involve one muscle group or can involve several subsystems?
These are symptoms of hyperkinetic dysarthria.
This is the most common etiology of hypokinetic dysarthria.
What is Parkinson's disease?
These are confirmatory signs of ataxic dysarthria.
What are hypotonia, slow voluntary movements, jerkiness/rhythmic tremor, wide-based gait, intention tremor, cerebellar dysfunction, difficulty coordinating voluntary movements, difficulty controlling timing and force, and difficulty with motor learning?
These are the confirmatory signs of spastic dysarthria.
What are paresis/spasticity of other body parts, hyperactive reflexes (gag), pathologic reflexes (suck, Babinski), dysphagia, anterior loss of saliva, and pseudobulbar affect.
These are the confirmatory signs of flaccid dysarthria.
What are reduced muscle tone, reduced reflexes, atrophy, fassiculations, and various symptoms based on which nerves are affected?
These are "whole body" symptoms of hyperkinetic dysarthria.
What are chorea, myoclonus, tics, dystonia, essential tremor, and athetosis?
These are other etiologies for hypokinetic dysarthria.
What are Lewy body dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, stroke, toxemia, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, toxic-metabolic conditions, and Wilson's disease?
This is the description of movements for individuals with ataxic dysarthria.
What are halting, imprecise, jerky, poorly coordinated, and lacking in speed and fluidity?