Respiratory
Name 2 Differentials for Stertor and 2 for Stridor
Stertor: Localized to Nasal Cavity and Nasopharynx (nasal mass, rhinitis, congestion, foreign body, BOAS)
Stridor: Localized to Larynx and trachea - Lar Par, Laryngeal collapse, Tracheal collapse, obstruction
(note - DDx for crackles and wheezes)
Name 3 differentials for Unilateral nasal discharge
Unilateral: Neoplasia, polyp, FB, tooth root abscess, fungal, trauma
(Note: Bilateral - rhinitis, systemic disease (coagulopathy, BP), neoplasia, trauma, viral, fungal)
What is the key diagnostic for otitis
Cytology!!! Roll prep
Always both ears and always at every recheck
(note - when is a deep ear cleaning indicated)
Which diseases discussed infecting neutrophils
E. Ewingii and A. phagocytophylum
(know what each one infects)
Name 2 reasons why the diagnosis of Lyme disease (as the cause of illness) is difficult.
There are high rates of Seroprevalence, few dogs get disease, there are high rates of co-infections (anaplasma), and PCR is not accurate on blood (must do tissue samples, not practical)
(note - SNAP test is best, detects Igs to C6 proteins, does not cross react with vax, but still does not prove active infection)
Which Respiratory Sampling option would be best for a localized lung disease?
Options: Transtracheal wash, bronchoalveolar lavage, or Endotracheal wash
BAL
(know when each is best/okay)
A cat presents with dyspnea caused by pleura effusion. You perform a thoracocenteisis before proceeding with radiographs and other tests to relieve the distress. The fluid if high in protein and cells. What are 3 differentials for this type of effusion in a cat?
FIP (young), Infection (bacterial or fungal), neoplasia, chylothorax (fluid TG>serum TG), neoplasia (old), lung lobe torsion (unlikely in cats)
Name 3 indications to do a culture for otitis
Known resistance, previous administration of several antibiotics, failure to respond to standard therapy, single population of rods on cytology, and concurrent systemic signs
(review indications for systemic AB use as well)
Which Feline Retrovirus can be transmitted by grooming and shared food bowls?
FeLV
What is the gold standard Diagnostic test for Ehrlichia and Anaplasmosis
Serology - Indirect Immunofluorescence (IFA)
Allows quantification and paired titiers
If an animal has an Obstructive, Expiratory Dyspnea pattern, Where does there disease localize?
Intra-thoracic airway disease (intrathoracic trachea, or small airway)
(recall other 2 dyspnea patterns)
A cat presents with tachypnea, respiratory wheezes, and chronic cough. An endotracheal wash reveal eosinophilic inflammation. What is the most important Acute Treatment to control the dyspnea.
(Long term - need inhaled steroids and bronchodilators. Dogs wit bronchitis often need cough suppressant to break the cycle)
Name 2 Predisposing, 2 primary, and 2 Perpetuating (secondary) factors of otitis
Predisposing: Behavior (swimming), temp, humidity, hair in the canal, breed
Primary: Atopic dermatitis in dogs, Ear mites in cats, other allergies, autoimmune disease, trauma, FB, neoplasia
Perpetuating: bacteria, yeast
Which fungal disease often presents with GI signs in dogs, but respiratory signs in ctas?
Histoplasmosis
What is the best diagnostic test for both Blasto and Histo?
Galactomannan Cell wall Antigen test, of URINE. Cross reacts for both
A 9 month old dog presents for dyspnea, anorexia, and lethargy. Radiographs are taken and reveal a Dorsal intersitial pattern. What is the most common etiology of pneumonia (bacterial, viral, fungal)?
Viral!! (dorsal pattern, although bordetella is most common in dogs under 1, that causes a cranial-dorsal distribution)
(most common cause of pneumonia in adults is aspiration. Discuss Tx)
A 9 year old dog presents for Epistaxis. What 2 systemic diseases should be ruled out, before doing advanced diagnostics?
Coagulopathies and hypertension
(advanced diagnostics for erosive diseases - Aspergillosis and neoplasia)
Steve, a 2 year old Corgi, presents for itching at the ears. A cytology is done and reveals a moderate amount of cocci bacteria and Malassezia. This is his first time getting an ear infection. What is the best/recommended Tx?
Topical Antiseptics!! Don't need ABs for first time infection
- Chlorhex, Silver sulfadiazine, Acetylcysteine, or aluminum acetate
What is the best treatment of Babesia canis and Babesia gibsoni?
Bonus 100 points: What is the best Diagnostic test?
B. Canis: Imidocarb dipropionate
B. gibsoni: Atovaquone and Azithromycin (Mepron)
Dx: PCR is best, confirms active infection
A 6 month old yorkie has icterus, PU/PD, anorexia, and lethargy. Bloodwork shows Azotemia, elevated ALT/ALP, and thrombocytopenia. Name one patient side test and a good send out test, to confirm the disease you suspect?
Send out: PCR of blood (early on) and urine (later on). MAT (look for 4x increase, 2 weeks apart - vaccines can interfere)
In clinic: Witness Lepto is best (IgM), and SNAP lepto (not as good, IgG)
Name the 3 classic features of feline asthma radiographs
Broncho-interstitial pattern, pulmonary hyperinflation (air trapping), and Atelectasis of the Right Middle lung lobe
A German Shephard presents for serosanguinous discharge, sneezing, Stertor, and nasal depigmentation. What is the best Tx for the suspected disease
Topical Clotrimazole (+/- debulking and trepination)
(note - it is often sino-orbital, tumor-like in cats, poor prognosis)
Name the topical antibiotic that is safe when there is a ruptured tympanum.
Name an option of an antibiotics for clients who cant give daily ear medications.
FQs are safe when ear drum is ruptured.
Long term: Claro, Osurnia, Ketocort otic (only anti-fungal)
(review the best choice meds for each situation)
The Brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguinous) is the vector for which infectious diseases discussed?
Ehrlichia canis, A. Platys (and possibly hemotropic Mycoplasma)
(Know all vectors)
An old stray cat is brought into your clinic. He has icterus, muscle pain, uveitis, and is ataxic with altered mentation. Due to the widespread abnormalities, CNS involvement, and apparent immunosupression you decide to test for Toxoplasmosis. What test are you running, and what is 1 of the 2 criteria that would indicate active infection?
Serology on serum or CSF
Looking for a single high IgM (1:64 or higher) or a 4x increase in IgM in paired samples.