Cell Cycle
What happens in Stage S of interphase?
DNA is replicated.
What macromolecule was commonly believed to be responsible for storing genetic information before the 1950s?
Protein.
What does DNA polymerase do?
Puts down nitrogenous bases on the new strand of DNA.
What nitrogenous base does RNA use instead of thymine?
Uracil.
What stage of interphase are neurons in?
G1
G2
S
G0
G0
What stage does a cell spend 95% of its life cycle in?
Interphase
Who took the famous Photo 51?
Rosalind Franklin.
What is helicase? What does it do?
It unwinds DNA's double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds.
What molecule is used by the ribosome as a template for making proteins?
mRNA.
Where are the checkpoints in the cell cycle?
G1, S, and M
(early interphase, middle of interphase, and mitosis)
What phase is described as having chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase.
Describe Oswald Avery's experiment with the mice. What did he find out?
He had two strains of bacteria, one smooth (virulent) and one rough (harmless). He injected the mice with the rough strain, the smooth strain, the dead smooth strain, and a mixture of the two.
He found out that even though he killed the harmful strain in the mixed trial, it still killed the mouse. DNA is responsible for storing genetic info.
What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand?
Leading strand: Made all at once
Lagging strand: Made in Okazaki fragments
Turn this strand into RNA.
3' - ATG GTC AGT CAG TAG CAT CGA - 5'
5' - UAC CAG UCA GUC AUC GUA GCU -3'
What is an example of a process that does NOT involve mitosis?
Pollination
Healing
Growth
Regeneration
Pollination
When does the nuclear envelope disappear?
Prophase.
Who took credit for discovering DNA was a double helix and won the Nobel Prize for it? (Three people)
James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins.
What do ligase and primase do?
Primase: Puts down RNA primer so DNA polymerase knows where to go.
Ligase: Glues DNA fragments together.
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil)
What makes cancer cells different from normal cells? List 3 things.
They divide uncontrollably
They have lots of mutations
They get past the checks our body has to ensure that our cells are dividing properly
List the phases of mitosis in order.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Describe the Hershey-Chase experiment.
Different parts of viruses were tagged with radioactive isotopes (sulfur and phosphorus) to determine whether DNA was responsible for storing genetic info.
When the viruses attacked cells, they saw that the DNA went inside, showing that DNA was responsible for storing genetic info.
Generate the opposite strand of DNA.
3'- ATT-GAC-GTT-AAA-GCG-TAG-CAT -5'
5'- TAA-CTG-CAA-TTT-CGC-ATC-GTA -3'
Use this strand and the codon chart to see what proteins this codes for:
5'- AUG-AAU-AAA-UUC-GUG-GGG-UGA-AGG-UGC-CCA-UGA - 3'
Methionine – Asparagine – Lysine – Phenylalanine – Valine – Glycine – [STOP]
( Met- Asp- Lys- Phe- Val- Gly- STOP )
Why does chemotherapy make patients' hair fall out?
The chemotherapy drugs stop mitosis.
They target dividing cells and make them fail the final checkpoint in the cell cycle. It is attacking the hair cells.