A
Somatosensory receptors differ by which of the following characteristics?
(a) Location in skin layers
(b) Morphology (shape)
(c) Perceptual task
(d) Temporal properties
(e) All of the above are characteristics by whichsomatosensory receptors differ.
(e) All of the above are characteristics by which somatosensory receptors differ.
basal ganglia direct pathway
overall excitatory, shorter pathway. activation of this pathway makes making a movement easier
hemiballismus
relatively rare HYPERkinetic disorder characterized by involuntary flinging motions of extremities. symptoms increase if patient is active but halts in rest/sleep
- cause: damage to inhibitory pathway of motor loop, especially damage to subthalamic nucleus
- treatments: deep brain stimulation, surgery to remove more basal ganglia, drugs that reduce neural signaling
Huntington's chorea
HYPERkinetic disease characterized by cognitive decline and jerky, uncoordinated body movements (chorea) that continue in sleep
- cause: autosomal dominant genetic mutation causing proteins to progressively build up in and kill cortical neurons, esp in inhibitory "indirect" pathway
- treatments: genetic testing to identify risk, medications for symptoms (reduces neural signaling), nutrition management, physical therapy
hypokinetic vs hyperkinetic
decreased movement - increased movement
Pain and temperature are carried by different pathways than light touch.
(a) True
(b) False
(a) True
basal ganglia indirect pathway
overall inhibitory, longer pathway. activation of this pathway makes making a movement harder; dopamine inhibits the indirect pathway, making it easier to move
What is frequency? What perceptual experience is associated with frequency increasing/decreasing?
frequency - 1/cycle duration
directly associated w/ pitch
sound pressure wave
a mechanical wave that results from the back and forth vibration of the particles of the medium through which the sound wave is moving, creating sound
cortical deafness
form of sensorineural hearing loss caused by bilateral lesions in A1 (in the temporal lobes). patient unable to hear sounds but has no damage to physical ear, can be thought of as the combination of auditory verbal agnosia and auditory agnosia.
patients can still exhibit some reflex responses such as turning their head towards a loud sound.
Primary motor cortex is in whichof the following lobes?
a) Frontal
(b) Parietal
(c) Temporal
(d) Occipital
(a) Frontal
wavelength and amplitude relationship
wavelength stays constant over distance, but the amplitude decreases
the energy contained in the sound pressure wave is lost as it propagates through the atmosphere (sound gets quieter)
What is amplitude? What perceptual experience is associated with amplitude increasing/decreasing?
amplitude - height of a sound wave
directly associated w/ loudness
How do sound waves translate in to sound?
sound waves shift air molecules (compression to rarefaction, repeat), creating wavelengths w/ different frequencies that the ear can detect
Parkinson's disease
HYPOkinetic disease characterized by akinesia (slowing or loss of movement), rigidity, and a "pill rolling" tremor at rest
- cause: loss of dopamine neurons in basal ganglia, decreasing activity in its excitatory "direct" pathway
- treatments: medications (L-Dopa), fetal neural tissue graft, deep brain stimulation
middle ear
from tympanic membrane to oval window. drains out through the eustachian tube to the back of the throat, making it most prone to ear infection
includes ossicular chain (ossicles) that amplify movement of tympanic membrane onto movement of oval window membrane
audibility curve
a graph that depicts the relationship between the loudness of a pure tone, expressed in decibels, sound-pressure level (dB SPL), and the frequency of the tone
What type of sound are the inner ear and cortex specialized to pick up on?
conversational speech, the frequencies and decibels common for it
outer ear
includes the pinna, auditory canal (ear hole), ends of tympanic membrane
- the pinna folds gather and focus sound energy on tympanic membrane, especially important for vertical sound localization
tympanic membrane/eardrum
thin membrane that separates external ear from middle ear. transmits sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear.
ossicles
the three smallest bones in the human body, contained within the middle ear and transmits/amplifies sounds from the air to the fluid-filled cochlea. absence of the auditory ossicles would cause moderate-to-severe hearing loss.
malleus
hammer-shaped small bone of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum
stapes
stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear which is attached to the incus and oval window; the bottom of the stapes on the oval window is called the footplate
three ossicles of the middle ear
malleus, incus, stapes
incus
anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. connects the malleus to the stapes.