Leaving Groups
A leaving group is attached to this
Sub straight
The type of solvent that won't hydrogen bond. Commonly used in SN2 reactions
Polar aprotic solvent
nucleophiles are also called this. They can be negatively charged or neutral.
Lewis base
as these increase in size, the boiling and melting point of alkyl halides will increase.
-R group (longer carbon chain)
-X group (Larger halogen: Cl vs Br)
these three things are required for a SN2 reaction
1. Nucleophile
2. Sub straight and leaving group
3. Polar aprotic solvent
H2O is a better leaving group than HO- because H2O is a weaker _____
base
Most common polar aprotic solvent (cheap and easy)
Acetone or Acetonitrile
A nucleophile is the species with a _____ or _____ ______
Lone pair or pi bond
This electron deficient carbon is a key site in the reactivity of alkyl halides
Electrophile
the measure of how readily an atom donates it electron pair to a proton
basicity
in a nucleophilic substitution reaction, the C-X bond is heterolytically cleaved, and the leaving group departs with this, forming X-
electron pair from the bond
solvents effect _____ reactivity
Nucleophile
These are used to balance the charge on a negatively charged nucleophile like -OH and -SH (ex: Li+ Na+)
counterions
This species allows alkyl halides to undergo substitution reactions
nucleophile
a measure of how readily an atom donates its electron pair to other atoms
Nucleophilicity
down a column of the periodic table, basicity _____ so leaving group ability ______
-increases
This type of solvent is able to hydrogen bond to a nucleophile and will slow down an SN2 reaction
Polar protic
electrophile (arrows go from electron rich to electron poor)
Alkyl halides are insoluble in this substance
Water
decrease in reacitivity resulting from the presence of bulky groups at the site of a reaction
steric hinderance
left-to-right across a row of the periodic table, basicity _____ so leaving group ability _____
-decreases
-increases
in a polar aprotic solvent, the order of nucleophilicity increases this direction for halogens
up (F->Cl->Br->I-
The substitution product bears this kind of charge when a neutral nucleophile is used
It bears this kind of charge when a negative nucleophile is used
-positive (usually caused by a proton bonded to O or N)
-neutral
Alkyl halides are ______ in organic solvents
soluble
process by which solvent molecules surround and interact with solute particles. Influences solubility, reactivity and equilibria
Solvation