Cell Structures
This jelly-like substance fills the inside of a cell and surrounds the organelles.
Cytoplasm
This structure is made of DNA and proteins and carries many genes.
Chromosome
This is the stage of mitosis when chromosomes first become condensed and visible under a light microscope.
Prophase
This plant organ is the main site of photosynthesis in most plants.
Leaf
This organ is responsible for pumping food into the small intestine after mixing it with gastric juices.
Stomach
This organelle is found in plant cells and uses sunlight to produce glucose through photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
This is the name of the twisted ladder shape of a DNA molecule.
Double helix
During this stage of mitosis, sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Anaphase
These specialized cells control the opening and closing of stomata.
Guard cells
This type of tissue covers body surfaces, lines organs and cavities, and forms glands.
Epithelial tissue
This rigid structure surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells and provides support and protection.
Cell wall
Human sperm and egg cells each contain this number of chromosomes.
23
This stage of mitosis involves the formation of two new nuclei around the separated chromosomes.
Telophase
This plant tissue is responsible for growth through repeated cell division.
Meristematic tissue (meristem)
These blood vessels have very thin walls that allow oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to move between the blood and body tissues.
Capillaries
A red blood cell is placed in distilled water. Water enters the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst. What process causes water to enter the cell?
Osmosis
This genetic condition is usually caused by having three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two.
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
During which phase of interphase does a cell replicate its DNA?
S phase (Synthesis phase)
A plant's leaves begin to wilt on a hot afternoon because water is being lost faster than it is absorbed by the roots. What is the name of the process responsible for most of this water loss?
Transpiration
A person touches a hot stove and quickly pulls their hand away. Which body system detects the heat and coordinates this rapid response?
Nervous system
A cell is unable to produce proteins because one of its organelles has stopped functioning. Which organelle is responsible for making proteins?
Ribosomes
Scientists inserted the human insulin gene into bacteria, allowing them to produce insulin. What is the name of the technology used to modify an organism's DNA in this way?
Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology)
A human body cell has 46 chromosomes. After DNA replication, how many chromosomes and sister chromatids does it contain, assuming replication is complete?
46 chromosomes and 92 sister chromatids
Water molecules stick to each other and to the walls of xylem vessels, helping water move upward through a tall tree. Name these two properties of water.
Cohesion and adhesion
A person has damaged villi in their small intestine. Explain how this would affect digestion and nutrient absorption.
Damaged villi reduce the surface area available for nutrient absorption, so fewer nutrients are absorbed into the blood or lymph, potentially causing malnutrition.