Cells & Organelles
Which organelle is a three-dimensional network of branching tubes that transports materials throughout the cell?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Anaphase
What type of tissue is skin considered to be?
Epithelial tissue
What is the name of the organ that food travels down to reach the stomach? What force moves the food down this organ?
Which organelles exist only in plant cells? Bonus: what are their functions?
Chloroplasts (photosynthesis), cell wall (support for plant cell), large central vacuole (maintains turgor pressure and keeps plant rigid in its structure)
Both - cytokinesis involves the splitting of one cell into two daughter cells.
Animal cells - cell membrane pinches and a furrow is formed before the cell splits in two.
Plant cells - a cell plate forms between the two daughter cells that becomes the cell wall.
What are the two main systems in plants? What are the three components of the second system?
Root system and shoot system
Shoot system: leaf, flower, stem
What type of circulation brings blood to the lungs? Explain the flow of blood through this pathway.
Pulmonary circulation
The right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs to receive oxygen. The oxygenated blood is then pumped through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
What are the three reasons for cell division? Explain each one.
Growth, reproduction, repair
What are the two different forms of chromosomes? When in the cell cycle are they in each form?
Chromatin - uncondensed, unwound, thin spaghetti-like fragments "open book" during interphase
Chromosomes/Condensed - tightly wound structures, called sister chromatids "closed book" during mitosis
What are the two different types of stem cells? How are they different?
Embryonic stem cells - pluripotent, can differentiate into any type of cell
Adult stem cells - multipotent, can only differentiate into a certain subset of cells
What is homeostasis? Explain one way that the body works to maintain this.
Homeostasis: a balanced state within a certain acceptable range for body cells, tissues, and organs to function effectively.
Examples: regulating temperature, regulating pH, regulating glucose levels
What is diffusion? What is osmosis? What organelle do these terms relate to?
Diffusion - the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (e.g. salt in potato moving into water)
Osmosis - the movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Relate to the cell membrane - diffusion and osmosis happen across the cell membrane
Name ALL of the stages of the cell cycle in order (including specific parts of interphase).
What is pollination and what are the two types of pollination? How does pollen spread?
Pollination: the transfer of pollen from the male part of a flower (anther) to the female part of a flower (stigma)
Two types: self-pollination and cross-pollination
Pollen spreads through pollinators such as bees, birds, and bats, or through the wind
Why do you breathe more deeply and quickly after running very fast? Explain by referencing multiple organ systems.
To keep you moving, your muscle cells are using up lots of glucose and oxygen (for cellular respiration) in the mitochondria to produce energy for these cells. You are breathing more deeply and quickly to increase your body's intake of oxygen and to release all the produced carbon dioxide. Your heart beats more quickly to increase the movement of this oxygen-rich blood to your muscle cells.