I'm a Researcher
Qualitative research often uses this type of strategy. It starts with data, moves to making generalizations, and ends with generating theory.
Inductive research
A member of a social setting who provides access to that setting for a researcher is known as a(n) ______.
gatekeeper
A ______ is given to a control group to make sure their experience does not differ from the experimental group except for the actual treatment.
placebo
What is generalizability?
Exists when a conclusion holds true for the population, group, setting, or event that we say it does, given the conditions that we specify
What is an index?
A composite measure based on summing, averting, or combining multiple questions that are intended to measure the same concept
A researcher randomly assigns people into two groups: one that will receive the experimental treatment and one that will not. The group that receives the treatment is called the ______ group.
experimental
An observer immerses themselves in a group for a long time, gradually establishing trust and experiencing the social world as the participants do. What process is the observer engaging in?
ethnography
What is cross-sectional research design?
Research where data are collected at only one point in time
what is non-probability sampling?
Selecting from a population using selective, or non-random, process
When a researcher is sensitive to their influence on the research setting, they are practicing _______.
reflexivity
People who always answer the same response to a question have ____ answers.
Reliable
What are the 4 types of non-probability sampling?
availability, quota, purpose, snowball
What are the 4 categories of reasoning errors?
Over generalization, selective or inaccurate observation, resistance to chance, illogical reasoning
The setting under investigation in a qualitative study is known as the ______.
field
What is the purpose of filter questions on a survey?
to limit certain survey questions to competent subgroups of respondents
What are the 4 types of research?
Exploratory, explanatory, evaluatory, descriptive
To say that variables have an association is to say that ______.
the variables empirically vary together
What are the 3 kinds of validity?
measurement validity, generalizability, causal validity
What is ecological fallacy?
An error in reasoning in which conclusions about individual level processes are drawn from group-level data
The type of validity where the items used to measure a concept appear to be generally appropriate.
Face validity
What are the 4 types of probability sampling?
simple random, systematic random, cluster, stratified
An index that weighs items based on importance is known as a(n) ______.
scale
______ phrase an attitude in terms of one end of a continuum such as strongly agree-strongly disagree.
Likert scales
In a true experiment, how is association established?
comparison groups
In a phone survey or an in-person survey, the list of questions is referred to as a(n) ______.
interview schedule
What is nominal level of measurement?
Variables whose values have no mathematical interpretation. They vary in kind but not in amount
The role of ______ makes it difficult for researchers to get information because they cannot ask questions that will arouse suspicion about themselves.
covert participant
What technique reduces the risk of spuriousness in non-experimental designs?
statistical control
Deception may be employed in social experiments to create which outcome?
More realistic treatments or conditions
Reliable responses to survey questions are not always ____.
Valid
What is a cohort study?
a longitudinal study where data are collected at two or more points in time from individuals in a cohort (e.g. same class, same generation)
To establish time order, what variable must come first in time?
the independent variable
Which 3 types of research designs are longitudinal in nature?
Trend, Panel, Cohort
In this hypothesis, which is the dependent variable? People with dogs tend to have more friends.
Friends
When designing a survey, no matter the level of measurement, response options always need to be
exhaustive and mutually exclusive
If the question, “Do you favor or oppose tougher drug fines and longer mandatory sentences?” were included in a survey, it would violate which guideline for writing survey questions?
Avoid double-barreled questions.
A researcher who goes to a coffee shop and clandestinely observes behavior, while taking jottings, is doing what kind of qualitative fieldwork?v
covert observation
______ is what makes the comparison group in a true experiment such a powerful tool for identifying the effects of the treatment.
Randomization
What are two types of before-and-after experimental designs in which multiple pretest and posttest observations are made of the same group?
repeated measures panel designs and time series designs
The effect that can occur when external events during the experiment change the subjects’ outcome scores is known as a(n) ______.
history effect
What is internal validity?
Also called causal validity. Exists when a conclusion that A leads to or results in B is correct
Devon is collecting interviews and organizational documents to see how an organization works. What is their unit of analysis?
Groups
You and your research partner both go separately, at different times, to observe people on Amtrak. You both observe many people dressed in Dodgers gear. This is an example of what kind of reliability?
Inter-observer reliability
Sarita reads about social contagion theory. She writes a hypothesis, collects data from X/Twitter, and does analysis to test her hypothesis. She is doing what type of research?
Deductive Research
Researcher B collects the number of new building permits issued in Sunny City every month for five years prior to the establishment of Sunny City’s new development controls, and for five years after the development controls were in place. B wants to know if the development controls changed the number of new building permits. What is B’s experimental research design?
time series
How many cats do you own? <Insert number in this box> This is an example of what kind of question?
Ratio
Several of the questions she aims to ask cannot be measured using fixed response choices. What should Dr. Jarvis consider for her study?
open-ended questions
Researcher M found that when temperatures rise, the crime rate rises. Researcher M has satisfied which criterion for causality?
association
A [MM1] ______ displays the number of cases or percentage of cases corresponding to each of a variables value or group of values.
frequency distribution
Central tendency is usually summarized with one of three statistics. What are these statistics?
the mode, the median, and the mean
The extent to which cases are spread out through the distribution or clustered in one location is known as ______.
variability
Probability sampling helps to eliminate ____
Bias
What do cross-tabulations illustrate?
the relations between two variables
If a researcher uses the same items to operationalize a concept as a previous article used. This is an example of what kind of validity?
Criterion
Juan did research on library usage in urban populations and found out it is similar to library usage in rural populations. This is an example of what kind of validity?
Cross-population or external validity
When considering errors in reasoning, this is when we only look at things that are in line with our preferences of beliefs?
Selective or inaccurate observation
What is probability sampling?
Sampling methods that relies on a random, or chance, selection so that the probability of selecting a population element is known
Margaret is analyzing data and sees that the majority of the cases in her study are clustered at one or the other end of the distribution. Margaret has discovered ______.
skewness
Xochi is researching cat owners. She interviews them once a year over the course of 5 years to find out about how their sharing of their cat on social media changes. This is what type of research design?
Panel
A normal distribution will appear like a ______ when visualized.
bell shape