Pursuing Social Order
Societies have legal codes that help maintain societal control through laws. These laws are enforced by political authorities that incur ___ ___ ___ to violators of the laws.
Negative Formal Sanctions
Sociologists working from the ___-level study small groups and individual interactions, while those using ___-level analysis look at trends among and between large groups and societies.
Micro-level; Macro-level
____ can be experienced by those of any gender, race, ethnicity or sexuality due to how they identify in any or all of those categories. As a result, a person may experience ___ ___.
Discrimination; Hate Crimes
In scientific research, we formulate hypotheses to include an ____ variable, which are the cause of the change, and a ____ variable, which is the effect, or thing that is changed.
Independent Variable; Dependent Variable
Stacy and Mark decide to go shopping at the mall after school. Stacy want to go to the clothing and jewelry stores while Mark would like to go to sports and video game stores.
They are ___ ___ through their choices.
Doing Gender
E. Sutherland identified that people are more likely to learn deviant behaviors from those close to them, as these people will model deviant behavior. This is known as _______ _______ theory.
Differential Association Theory
_____ patterns, social forces and influences put pressure on people to select one choice over another. Sociologists try to identify these general patterns by examining the behavior of large groups of people living in the same society and experiencing the same societal pressures.
Cultural Patterns
This stereotype is applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment.
Model Minority
____ rate measures the number of children born while ____ rate measures the number of people who die.
Fertility Rate; Mortality Rate
There are so many different crowd types according to Lofland (1993)!
_____crowds (hint: they may be at the grocery store together, but aren't really interacting with each other)
____ crowds
____ crowds
____ crowds (hint: they may boycott a store or products, block entry to a store as a form of protests; breaking into a store may be considered rioting)
Casual crowds
Conventional crowds
Expressive crowds
Acting crowds
Wealthy executives, politicians, celebrities, and military leaders are individuals who may have the national and international resources to exert control over a society. What is this group known as?
Power Elite
Functionalism promotes the idea that having high reward roles will prompt members of a society to work harder to achieve that role. According to ___-___ ____, the increase in rewards for a role means that role is of high functional importance to a society.
Davis-Moore Thesis
The process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people, and especially from an online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers.
Crowdsourcing
Supporters of net ____ suggest that without legal protections, the internet could be divided into "fast" and "slow" lanes. Leading to big companies paying fees to have "fast" internet, while those of lower middle and lower classes may only be able to afford "slow" internet. This is considered an issue to conflict theorists.
Net Neutrality
People may symbolically communicate through how they dress or purchase items. When a person's goal is communication about a social statement through purchasing and using certain products, what are they engaging in?
Conspicuous Consumption
Social movements seek to disrupt social order. According to D. Aberle (1966), this can be broken up into different categories based on what they want to change and how much they want to change:
1._____ movements
2._____ movements
3._____ movements
4._____ movements
5._____ movements
1.Reform movements
2.Revolutionary movements
3.Religious/Redemptive movements
4.Alternative movements
5.Resistance movements
What is value-added theory according to functionalism?
Based on the idea that several conditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur. Each condition adds to the likelihood that collective behavior will occur.
This global phenomenon acknowledges that women disproportionately make up the majority of individuals in poverty across the globe and have a lower standard of living. Likely due to single mother status and the wage gap.
Feminization of Poverty
Neo-Malthusian researcher P. Ehrlich (1968) advocated for ____ ____ ____ as the number of people entering (through immigration or birth) a country would be equal to the number of people leaving (through death or emigration).
Due to _____ diffusion, Mia's cousin in Argentina has phones and computers as well. When Mia visited her cousin, she realized that the quality of these products were not the same as the ones in the United States. This can be attributed to the ___ ___.
Technological Diffusion; Digital Divide
Name the different types of social mobility individuals use to change positions within a social stratification system.
Upward mobility
Downward mobility
Intergenerational mobility
Intragenerational mobility
Structural mobility
Identify the deviance theories associated with the following:
Functionalism: ___ Theory & ___ ___ Theory
Conflict Theory: ___ System & ___ ___
Symbolic Interactionism: ___ Theory, ___ ___ Theory & ___ Theory
Functionalism: Strain Theory & Social Disorganization Theory
Conflict Theory: Unequal System & Power Elite
Symbolic Interactionism: Labeling Theory, Differential Association Theory, Control Theory
Homosexuality was labeled a mental disorder or a sexual orientation disturbance by the American Psychological Association until 1973. As such, prior to 1973, people were sent to institutions for displaying homosexual behavior.
Overconsumption of alcohol once led people to be considered bad or lazy individuals. Now, people who drink too much are determined to struggle with alcoholism, a disease/addiction to alcohol.
Both are examples of the ____ of ____ which refers to the process that changes “bad” behavior into “sick” behavior.
Medicalization of Deviance
_____ ____—which occurs when people change their behavior because they know they are being watched as part of a study. It is unavoidable in some research studies because sociologists have to make the purpose of the study known. Subjects must be aware that they are being observed, and a certain amount of artificiality may result (Sonnenfeld 1985).
Hawthorne Effect
Stephen frequently sees people have expensive cars and designer brands on social media. Although he is not of their class, he can tell what class a person is a part of based on if they have those items.
___ ____also called class markers, are the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class. Class traits indicate the level of exposure a person has to a wide range of cultures. Class traits also indicate the amount of resources a person has to spend on items like hobbies, vacations, and leisure activities.
Class Traits