Understanding Research Studies
What kind of analysis looks for a relationship between *two* variables, e.g. money and happiness?
bivariate analysis
The type of variable which is hypothesized to have a causal effect on other variables.
independent variable
In a ______ sample, all members of a target population have an equal chance of being selected
probability sample
The type of research design which considers multiple cases at a single point in time.
cross-sectional
The type of question that allows participants to fill in an answer in their own words, without pre-set answer choices
open-ended question
The type of research design used to study Genie (the child with atypical social development)
case study
the type of variable which can take on only one of two possible values
binary variable
The type of non-probability sampling that would be most appropriate for studying hard-to-reach populations, such as people who take illegal drugs.
snowball sampling
The type of research design where the same cases are observed at multiple points in time, e.g. surveying the same cohort of 200 people each year for 10 years
longitudinal
Which research method describes watching a group of people and making note of each time they do a particular action?
structured observation
The type of research design used by Moss-Racusin et al. to investigate gender bias in academic hiring.
Experimental design
What kind of variable is race?
nominal/categorical
List one pro and one con of convenience sampling.
pros: easier to find participants, takes fewer resources
cons: more prone to being biased and not representative of the target population
The ontological orientation which views reality as malleable and made up by society is a._____, whereas the ontological orientation which views reality as fixed and the same for everyone is b. ______
a. (social) constructionism
b. objectivism
Which of the following is an example of a double-barreled question?
a. on average, how healthy was your breakfast this week?
b. where do you stand on climate change?
c. how do you think rates of crime and poverty have changed in your city?
C
Name one of kind of validity in which the Telles and Lim study on race in Brazil was weak, and one kind of validity in which the study was strong.
weak in internal, strong in external and ecological
The type of variable that has rank-ordered categories without an equal distance between each one.
What is an ordinal variable?
Which of the following sampling frames would be most biased if your target population is people who attend a particular church?
a. convenience sampling of people who walk through the front door of the church
b. convenience sample of people who volunteer at the church bake sale
c. simple random sample based on church attendance records
B
The epistemological orientation which focuses on people's subjective meanings is a. ______, whereas the epistemological orientation which focuses on empirical observation is b. ______
a. interpretivism
b. positivism
Questions that are phrased such that higher value responses represent *less* of the concept being measured
reverse-keyed question (needs a reverse coded answer)
The research article "What the Polls Don't Show: A Closer Look at U.S. Church Attendance" illustrates what issue with self-report data?
difference between reported and actual behavior
A study with experimental design is usually strong in a. _____ validity but weak in b. _____ and c. ______
a. internal
b. and c. ecological and external
What kind of sampling is it called if we first divide a school by classrooms (assuming each student is only in one class), then take a random sample of students from each classroom?
stratified random sampling
Generalizability is a facet of a. ______ validity; matching real-world conditions is a facet of b. _____ validity; and controlling conditions within a study to illuminate relationships between variables is a facet of c. _____ validity
a. external
b. ecological
c. internal
A type of variable that is measured through aggregating a respondent's score on multiple indicators
index