Confidence Intervals and Sampling
What is the lowest confidence level accepted in the social sciences?
90%
Where do we get our most common statistics from? (Who creates statistics?)
Researchers at universities or research orgs, pollsters, government, etc.
What is another name for a bivariate table?
a crosstab
or crosstabulation
A t-test or an ANOVA is an appropriate test to run if your dependent variable is what level of measurement?
interval-ratio
A bar chart is used for variables with what levels of measurement?
Nominal and ordinal
What is the margin of error if you are using a 99% Confidence Interval?
1%
What is the group that all researchers must get approval from at their institution before doing research on human subjects?
The Institutional Review Board (IRB)
When running a chi square on two nominal variables, you see that the results are significant. In order to test the strength of the relationship, what measure of association do you run next?
Lambda
What does ANOVA stand for?
Analysis of variance
What are the two types of graphs we discussed using for interval ratio variables?
Line graph and histogram
A subset of cases selected from a population is called a ___________.
sample
In a survey designed to measure vaping at the workplace, researchers are aware that people are not likely to admit it so they included a statement, "even though vaping is against most workplace policies, many people do so and we want to get an accurate idea of how prevalent it is."
This disclaimer is likely intended to address the __________ of answering the survey question.
social desirability
(will also accept reliability)
When you populate a bivariate table in SPSS, what box do you need to check to ensure that you can compare percentages across categories accurately?
Column percentages
You want to know whether there was a significant difference in the mean income (I/R) between people who have ever been divorced and those who have never been divorced (DIVORCE 1=yes; 2=no). Do you run an ANOVA or t-test? Why?
t-test because you are comparing the means between two groups.
It is not appropriate to populate a pie chart for a variable with what level of measurement?
interval-ratio
The more confident we are (from 90% to 99%), the less _________ we can be about where a mean falls in the larger population.
precise
Before conducting research of any kind, it is ethical to get the ______________ of each participant, either in written or oral form.
consent
You run a chi square and get a significant result for the relationship between happiness (1=very unhappy to 5=very happy) and social connection (1=very little social connection to 5=a lot of social connection).
When looking at your output, you see that there is a Gamma of 0.751 which tells you it is a positive relationship. Describe what a positive relationship means between these variables of happiness and social connection.
As happiness increases, so does the amount of social connection. Those who report being unhappy are also more likely to have little social connection.
What does a large F statistic mean?
That there is a strong relationship between the two variables - specifically that variance between groups is greater than the variance within each of the groups.
Which graph allows you to also overlay the normal distribution curve?
a histogram
What is the name of a sample designed to ensure that everyone and every combination of members in a population has an equal chance of being chosen?
a random sample
It is the role of the quantitative researcher to make human behavior _____________.
measurable
After getting a significant p value, and running the Lambda test, what can you say about the direction of the relationship?
Nothing. Lambda is always a positive number as it tests the strength between two nominal variables. There is no relationship direction to report.
You want to know whether there was a significant difference in the mean income (I/R) between different religious groups (many categories). Do you run an ANOVA or t-test? Why?
ANOVA because you are comparing the means of more than just two groups.
Name one of the places you go to in SPSS to populate a graph.
Analyze-->Descriptive statistics-->Frequencies (click on Chart)
OR
Graphs from the menu bar