Chapter #1
This occurs when we only look at things that are in accordance with our own preferences and beliefs.
What is a selective observation?
This is top-down logic.
What is deductive reasoning?
The discipline dealing with good and bad.
What are ethics?
Risk that is no more than the risk one would encounter on a daily basis.
What is minimal risk?
Phrenology.
What is the study of skulls?
This occurs wen the conclusion holds true for the population.
Generalizability
This experiment lasted for 40 years and negatively impacted poor, black males in Alabama.
What is the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment?
Prematurely jumping to conclusions on the basis of invalid assumptions.
What is illogical reasoning?
This occurs when we claim that what we have observed for SOME cases must be true for ALL cases.
What is an over-generalization?
This happens when two variables move in the same direction (i.e. both increase). For example, as poverty increases, crime increases.
Who is Philip Zimbardo?
When we are reluctant to change our ideas because it is hard to admit we are wrong.
What is an ego-based commitment?
List and briefly explain the four types of research.
1. Descriptive - Primary focus of many studies of crime and violence**, answers the questions "how many?" and "what?".
2. Exploratory - Questions asked without a priori expectations; used in Qualitative research
-Answers the question "What is going on here?"
3. Explanatory - Identifies cause & effect; concerned with prediction
4. Evaluation - Tests the effects of a social program. *Type of explanatory research
Bottoms-up logic.
What is inductive reasoning?
Explain the three components of the Belmont Report (1979). No need to ask in the form of a Jeopardy Question :)
1. Respect for persons: People have autonomy and can make their own decisions if given sufficient information.
2. Beneficence: Do not harm; if you must include harm, ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks.
3. Justice: Fairly distribute the effects of the research to all participants.
Ensuring that our research is measuring what we presume to measure.
What is measurement validity?
List some differences between Quantitative research and Qualitative research.
Quantitative: Number-driven, emphasis on explanatory and evaluation research, objective (only one truth)
Qualitative: Subjective (many truths), answers the questions "how" and "why?", emphasis on descriptive and exploratory research
Two conflicting theories were thought to relate to the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment. What are they? Go to the board and explain them :)
**DOUBLE JEOPARDY!!!!!!!!!!!
Deterrence Theory:
Punishment must be
1) Swift
2) Severe
3) Certain
Labeling Theory:
Primary deviance vs. secondary deviance
Self-fulfilling prophecy
You have encountered a new student who seeks to conduct research on campus, but they do not understand what the Institutional Review Board is. Provide them with a basic understanding of this group!
The IRB consists of five members (one scientist and one non-scientist from outside the institution) and reviews research involving human participants. They do so to uphold ethical and fair treatment of all human beings included in research projects and typically require researchers to produce:
1. Informed Consent Documents
2. Detailed Explanation of Research
3. Analysis of the Risks Involved
Explain the role of theory and its importance in the Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment. *Explain this experiment, its findings, and the findings from replication studies in full.
***DOUBLE JEOPARDY!!!!!!!!!!
Theory guides research, which in turn produces policy implications. These can have real impacts on the lives of others. For example, the MDVE occurred in the 1980s when Sherman and Berk conducted a randomized experiment in Minneapolis to determine whether arrest could deter future incidents of intimate partner violence. Using randomization, officers either separated, counseled, or arrested the offender and the researchers investigated the effects 6 months later. Originally, it seemed as though arrest deterred abusers, but in subsequent studies, it was clear that stakes in conformity mattered. Those who had more to lose were more likely to stop abusing their partner, but the opposite was also true. Mandatory Arrest Policies were enacted nationwide (23 states today) and often end in dual arrests.