Police
He is known as the Father of Modern Police. He created the England "Bobbies"
Robert Peele
Examples of this crime includes drug use, prostitution, and gambling.
What is "victimless crimes"?
The approach that includes the lack of contact with reality and hallucinations and rational violence. May also develop after incarceration
What is Psychosis?
It sought to connect police with the victories and heroes of the military and to dissociate them from the corruption and incompetence of municipal politics
What is the war on crime model?
15% Sale/ Manufacturing
85% Possession
What is known as the percentage of drug abuse violations?
The early formations of policing
- South - slave patrols in South Carolina
- North - City Guards/Night watchers
- England Bobbies
Arguments for defining victimless crime behaviors as crime
- No complaining witness
- Doesn't hurt or threaten property
- No consensus of wrongdoing
Why do life course persistent offenders stay involved in crime?
Because they engage in delinquent activities early and do not age out because they have not learned prosocial behavior and adult roles typically not open to them. Their families often lack ability to cope.
Why was the war on crime problematic?
Because the expectation police promoted is that they can fight and win it
Factors with why cocaine, heroin, and marijuana are criminalized
Fear and hatred of Chinese/Chinese Americans (opiates)
Fear and hatred of African Americans (cocaine)
Propaganda campaigns by FBN: Reefer Madness
Facts about police brutality
- Primarily used against people of color
- Deaths by LEOs represent 81% of all adult male homicides
- DOJ estimates 1900 people were killed during arrests procedures in 2015
- Indigenous people experience more deadly rates than Blacks
Social costs of victimless crimes
Spread of diseases and marriage affairs
What is the Principle of Differential Association and its creator
A person engages in criminal behavior when there is an excess of definitions favorable of law violations and Sutherland
How much more likely were black drivers than white drivers to be stopped?
About 73% while they only 13.5% of the cars on the road had a black driver or passenger
The laws that criminalized cocaine, heroin and marijuana
Harrison Act of 1914
Marijuana Tax Act of 1937
Obligatory Avocational Policing
Voluntary Avocational Policing
Entrepreneurial Avocational Policing
Adversaries of Criminality and their arguments
Behaviors are not a threat to integrity of society and Behaviors may be immoral but do think people should suffer for them
The 4 social bonds that keep people from engaging in crime
Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, and Belief
What did Harris find his study of Black versus non-Black traffic infractions in Ohio?
- Blacks are twice as likely to be ticketed as non-blacks
49.5% of prisoners in the Federal system are for drug offenses
In state prison, there are 1.33 million prisoners and 16% for drug offenses and 12% for public offenses
How did American police become armed?
They realized they couldn't inspire respect for either their power or authority unless they used force. It started off as a defiant action but eventually the agencies began issuing standard service revolvers in order to control the weapons used.
Argument FOR victimless crimes.
Coping strategies of General Strain Theory
Cognitive- changing the way we think
Behavioral- changing behaviors to eliminate strain
Emotional- Acting on negative strain (i.e. going to the gym)
4 of the 6 implications of why racial profiling "matters"
Impact on the innocent
Criminalization of Blackness
Rational Discrimination
The Expansion of Police Discretion
People faced longer sentences for offenses involving crack cocaine than for offenses involving the same amount of powdered cocaine - two forms of the same drug.
What is the 100:1 ratio?