chapter 1
Behaviors that are consistently rewarded are likely to be
repeated.
When mentally tired or drained, people become more, rather than less, likely to rely on these mental shortcuts for organizing information.
Schemas
Connecting new information to your own experiences can improve memory because of this effect.
self-reference effect
Jordan thinks a driver cut him off because “he's in a medical emergency.” This is this type of attribution.
Situational attribution
A study finds that students who exercise more have higher GPAs. This type of evidence alone cannot establish this relationship.
Correlation
Brad states, "All college professors are nerds." This knowledge representation is best described as a(n)
schema
Because plane crashes receive extensive news coverage, someone believes flying is more dangerous than driving. This heuristic helps explain the judgment.
availability heuristic
The idea that part of our self-concept develops from how we believe other people see us is known by this term.
looking-glass self
You arrive late to class and blame traffic, but when another student arrives late you assume that person is irresponsible. This attributional bias explains the difference.
actor-observer bias/effect
Jordan thinks, “That student probably doesn't know anyone,” feels sympathy, and sits beside them. Jordan's thought represents this part of the ABCs.
cognition
In the social-psychological principle B = f(P, E), behavior is understood as a function of
The person and the social environment
Giving greater weight to information learned first about a person demonstrates this effect.
Primacy effect
This concept describes having several relatively distinct aspects of identity—such as student, parent, athlete, employee, and musician.
self-complexity
Jordan says a driver cut him off because “he's a rude person,” while Maya thinks the driver might be rushing to an emergency. Jordan is making this type of attribution.
dispositional attribution
A researcher gives participants a “smart pill” and measures changes in IQ scores. The change in IQ score represents this variable.
dependent variable
These three components make up the “ABCs” of social psychology.
affect, behavior, and cognition?
A professor expects students without winter coats to perform poorly, treats them as having less potential, and they eventually earn lower grades.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Bill earns a C on an exam and notices that both of his study partners earned A's. This is an example of:
Upward social comparison
These three types of information make up Kelley’s covariation model.
consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency
In evolutionary terms, ________means the relative likelihood of survival and reproduction
fitness
This field scientifically studies how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people.
Social psychology
A condom described as “95% effective” seems more appealing than one described as having a “5% failure rate,” even though the information is equivalent.
framing effect
After giving the wrong answer in class, Jamal assumes everyone noticed and will remember his mistake, even though most classmates barely paid attention. This tendency to overestimate how much others notice us is called this.
spotlight effect
Everyone dislikes Professor X, Jamie dislikes Professor X, and Jamie generally likes their other professors. Kelley’s model would point primarily toward this type of cause for Jamie's dislike.
situational/external cause
________ include customs, traditions, and standards of conduct.
Social norms