First Peoples & Exploration
What was the essential role of women in Mi'kmaq, Anishinabe, and Haudenosaunee societies?
Gathering food/crops, taking care of children, advising
In the fur trade, what was the primary role held by First Nations people?
They were the guides and the primary hunters and trappers- the ones actually getting the furs.
How did the War of 1812 help contribute to an emerging Canadian identity?
It united diverse peoples to fight a common cause: preventing an American takeover.
What was Canada's main motivation for wanting British Columbia and Prince Edward Island to join Confederation?
To secure the land from American annexation and build a transcontinental country.
What is the term for the policy of a country to dominate and control other lands and peoples?
Imperialism
Give me an example of a SPECIFIC action from one of the countries/people we discussed that represents imperialism or ethnocentrism.
- Cartier and the cross or the stadaconians
- Britain and the constant crappy things being done to FN (residential schools, treaties, quebec act, beothuk...)
What traditional decision-making process is defined as requiring "overwhelming agreement and respect for the interests of everyone involved"?
What is consensus?
Which institution played the primary role in establishing schools and hospitals in the social structure of New France?
The Catholic Church.
What were both Upper and Lower Canada seeking during the Rebellions of 1837 and 1838?
A more democratic government where elected representatives held power.
Why did the Red River Resistance and the Second Métis Uprising occur?
Canada tried to take control of western lands without consulting the people already living there.
What is the term for the belief that one's own culture is superior to others?
Ethnocentrism
Why was the building of a national railway was considered essential for Canada.
- connect the country (protect from US invasion, connect the economy)
- Promised to provinces when they joined
- Brought troops to west to battle metis
- Brought Anglophone settlers to west
What major "push factor" made silk and spices incredibly expensive, encouraging Europeans to explore the West?
The disruption of trade routes to Asia.
How did the French and British views on North American colonization generally differ?
The French focused on the fur trade and creating partnerships; the British focused on large farming settlements and conquering.
What was the major assimilation goal of the Act of Union in 1841?
To assimilate the Canadiens by making English the official language.
How did the Manitoba Schools Act of 1890 reflect rapid demographic changes in the province?
As more English-speakers moved in, they abolished Catholic schools and bilingualism.
What economic system involves a colony providing raw resources for the home country's profit?
Mercantilism
Explain how the National Policy and the Advertising campaign of Clifford Sifton led to a huge shift in the demographics in Canada and how that affected the development of the country's population.
- brought English speaking settlers west (notice how we don't have many French speakers here?)
- Drove the idea that Canada is an English speaking country.
- further discriminated/alienated the Francophones and Metis? pushed the few that were left further west (Alberta has the most Metis of all provinces)
What was the main "pull factor" (resources) that brought Europeans to North America?
Cod fish and beaver furs.
What was the main reason the British deported the Acadians in 1755?
The Acadians refused to take an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain.
Under the British North America (BNA) Act of 1867, who was given control over local affairs like education?
Provincial Governments.
What was the primary goal of the North West Mounted Police (NWMP) as the railway advanced?
To keep peace and advise First Nations to sign treaties and stop whiskey smuggling from the US.
What is the process of making a group follow the customs and spirit of a dominant culture?
Assimilation
How are the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the Quebec Act of 1774 different?
RP- compromised with FN to consult on land deals, took away French rights for language/culture/church. British unhappy with it but meh.
QA- gave the french back their rights, screwed over the FN by giving up land that was supposed to be FN/consulted on. British OUTRAGED that people are catering to the french, like ew.
Jacques Cartier told the Stadaconans his cross was merely a guidepost, but what did it actually represent?
A claim of the land for France.
Why was the Battle of the Plains of Abraham decisive for the future of North America?
It led to Britain taking control of Quebec and eventually all of New France.
How did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 attempt to manage the relationship between British settlers and First Nations?
It established a "proclamation line" that prevented settlement in "Indian Territory" until treaties were negotiated.
Which cultural/policy objective was notably NOT part of John A. Macdonald's National Policy?
Encouraging Francophone culture and identity across Canada.
What term describes the shared identity of a group based on common language, culture, and history?
Collective Identity
Explain how Imperialism, Ethnocentrism, and Mercantilism are all connected. Use specific examples from this year to explain your answer.
Imperialism- conquering one place in the name of another. You would only do that if you believed yourself/your country to be better than those you are conquering. The system of mercantilism allows the mother country to get rich/powerful by using the colonies that were created through imperialism.