Milgram et al (Obedience)
Psychology being investigated
obedience, conformity
individual vs. situational explanation
What was the sample? Type? Gender? Age? Where? Traits?
54 Male, Undergraduate students at the University of Haifa, from ages 19-32, Volunteer sample in which they participate for course credit and payment
Normal eyesight, No neurological disorders
What was the sample type?
Opportunity
define Diffusion of Responsibility
being less likely to take action because others are available to help
What is the differential effect? As tested in Perry et al
When one or more individuals experience a difference in outcomes when exposed to the same stimuli
Research Method used
Controlled Observation
What was the aim?
To examine whether oxytocin has a differential effect on preferred interpersonal distance depending on an individual's initial empathy traits
What were the 4 IV's?
-Type of victim (drunk/ill)
-Race of victim(black/white)
-Behavior of a model
- Size of the group of bystanders
Define destructive obedience
obedience that could psychologically or physically harm someone else
Explain 2 specific reasons why Milgram was UNETHICAL
1. Participants were distressed/worried
2. hard to withdraw, pressured by verbal cues
Name 1 aim
How far will people go in obeying an instruction if it involves harming another person?
OR
How obedient will individuals be to orders received from a person in authority?
What happens in both experiments?
Experiment 1 --> A computer program has an object that comes closer to you, and the person has to press the space bar to stop it when they are comfortable
- a close friend, a stranger, authority figure, and a rolling ball
- 24 trials for eachExperiment 2 --> participants sit with another participant and, through a computer simulation, would tell their preferred distance between chairs, table, and plants at different angles (2 pictures shown on a computer for 2 seconds)
- 84 pairs in total, each repeated twice
How can this be applied to real-life?
Human nature is not as selfish as many might believe; assuring that if they have an accident, they will probably be helped by a "good samaritan."
define stooge/confederate
someone who "acts" in a research study, told what to do by researcher
Is Piliavin et al. a lab experiment or a field experiment?
Field- conducted in participants everyday environment
Name 1 verbal prod that was used
"Please go on," "Please continue," "The experiment requires that you continue", etc.
What were the IV and DV in this experiment?
Experiment 1:
- IV --> high/low empathy, oxytocin or placebo, condition (stranger, authority figure, rolling ball, friend)
- DV --> Preferred interpersonal distance measured using the CID
Experiment 2:
- IV --> high/low empathy, oxytocin or placebo, condition: positioning of chairs VS positioning of table and plant
- DV --> Mean average preferred distance between 2 chairs, Mean average preferred angle between 2 chairs
Name 2 strengths and 2 weaknesses
Strengths
-High Ecological Validity
-Quantitative data
Weaknesses
-No control of extraneous variables
-Low generalizability
define oxytocin
hormone that regulates stress/anxiety levels
Describe the sample used in Perry et al.
Volunteer
54 males
University of Haifa
Describe the sample.
40 males from New Haven, USA
20-50 yrs
volunteer sample
How can it be applied to real life
Answers may vary;
Why is the Pilivan study from the Social Approach?
Behavior is influenced by other individuals, as shown here, where fewer people helped when a model had already offered to help.
Name an assumption of the Social Approach
OR
All of our behaviours, cognitions, and emotions can be influenced by social contexts, social environments, and groups.
GAMBLE YOUR POINTS!!!!
Why is Milgram not considered a lab experiment?
No control condition
OR
no manipulated Independent variables