The tendency to be more confident than correct -- to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs
What is the "overconfidence phenomenon"
100
People everywhere perceive mediators and media as ______ against their positions
What is "biased"
100
"Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to "intuition"
What is "automatic processing"
100
The theory of how people explain others' behavior -- for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations
What is the "attribution theory"
100
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
What is "self-fulfilling prophecy"
200
The tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions
What is "confirmation bias"
200
Persistence of one's initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives
What is "belief perseverance"
200
_________ feeds overconfidence
What is "incompetence"
200
Attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits
What is "dispositional attribution"
200
How others treat us reflects how ____ and others have treated them
What is "we"
300
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member
What is the "representativeness heuristic"
300
The remedy for belief perseverance
What is "explain the opposite"
300
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't
What is "counterfactual thinking"
300
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior
What is the "fundamental attribution error"
300
Research participants sometimes live up to what they believe experimenters expect of them
What is "experimenter bias"
400
Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
What is "illusory correlation"
400
We revise our memories to suit our current ________
What is "knowledge"
400
Three techniques that successfully reduce overconfidence bias
What is "prompt feedback," "unpack a task," and "make people think of a reason why their judgments might be wrong"
400
Three factors that influence whether we attribute someone's behavior to internal or external causes are _____, _____, and _____
What is "consistency," "distinctiveness," and "consensus"
400
A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
What is "behavioral confirmation"
500
Activating particular associations in memory
What is "priming"
500
Recalling mildly pleasant events more favorably than actually experienced
What is "rosy retrospection"
500
Worrying about remote possibilities while ignoring high probabilities
What is "probability neglect"
500
The attribution theory pioneer
Who is "Fritz Heider"
500
The attitudes that inferiors have towards their superior are as important as _________
What is "the superior's attitude toward the inferiors"