Knowledge of Self & Other
Young children’s self-esteem is generally:
Highly positive and unrealistic
Children’s flexibility in thinking about gender roles tends to __ over time.
Increase
Frequency of lying __ with age
Increases
A type of aggression directed at obtaining something desirable
Instrumental
The biggest obstacle to preventing child maltreatment
POVERTY
An ethnic identity status in which the mainstream cultural standards are adopted, with little connection to one’s own ethnic identity
Assimilation
Children show evidence of gender stereotypes in their toy preferences by the age of:
2 years (possibly even earlier, ~18 months)
The type of discipline associated with more mature moral reasoning/behavior is called:
Induction
What is the key difference in relational aggression between boys and girls?
Girls are more distressed by it
The most common perpetrators of physical abuse
Parents/mothers
In a study examining conversations about disagreements between friends and among acquaintances, conflicts were more frequent among __
Friends
In research with animals as well as humans, increased prenatal exposure to testosterone is linked to what behavior?
More rough and tumble play/male-stereotypical play preferences
What type of rules are children more likely to challenge/question?
Social conventional rules
What is the long-term impact of being a passive observer of bullying behavior?
Greater tolerance for bullying
Why is neighborhood isolation a risk factor for maltreatment?
Lack of collective efficacy
Limited access to support resources
In Dweck’s research on the role of praise, children who were told “wow, you much be really smart!” subsequently:
Opted for easier problems
Did worse on subsequent problem-solving tasks
Developed a “fixed mindset”
What are the main ways that peers influence the development of gender differences?
Self-segregate by gender at an early age
Different group norms evolve within groups
Reinforce gender stereotypical behaviors
In a study examining the impact of words vs actions, what had the biggest impact on children’s behavior?
When words and actions matched (i.e., practicing what you preach!)
How effective is Parent Management Training (Reid et al.) in reducing aggressive behavior in young vs older children?
MUCH more effective with younger children compared to older children
What is meant by maltreatment as an “unresolvable paradox” in terms of the attachment relationship?
Person who hurts you = person you are biologically predisposed to seek comfort from when you are hurt
When delinquent boys were trained intensively in role-taking skills, results indicated TWO important findings:
Role-taking may be causally related to better perspective-taking skills
Increased perspective taking is associated with less subsequent delinquency
What is the effect of stereotypical toy ads on the attitudes of boys and girls?
Boys: appears to make them LESS gender neutral about the toy
Girls: no effect
In a study examining delay of gratification and inhibitory control, what differences were found among children who had difficulty waiting for the marshmallow?
Some were OVERregulators (high self-reg; internalizing problems)
Some were UNDERregulators (low self-reg; externalizing problems)
Describe the key aspects of the Good Behavior Game (an intervention designed to prevent aggression and behavior problems in classrooms)
The whole class is held accountable:
If someone is disruptive, the whole class gets consequences
If everyone behaves, whole class gets reward
When Pollak & colleagues showed gradually more clear images of anger expressions to maltreated and nonmaltreated children, what was the main finding?
Maltreated children detected anger earlier (with less perceptual info/less clear image)