Key Points: Social Disorganization
What is Socioeconomic Status (SES)?
An economic/sociological measure of a family's/individuals combined total of income, occupation, and education (determines social standing)
What is social capital?
Networks, norms and trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit
Who applied concentric zones to Chicago neighborhoods?
Shaw and McKay (1942)
What are disorganized conditions?
High poverty, abandoned buildings, and lack of resources are examples of these neighborhood conditions linked to crime.
What does the theory focus on?
Institutions of authority and whether there is an obligation to adhere to that authority
What are the characteristics of disorganization in the theory?
Street-corner peer groups and SES
What is the main focus of Collective Efficacy Theory?
The link between community structural variables and violent crime
Who tested social diorganization theory?
Sampson and Groves (1989)
What is residential mobility?
When people move in and out of a neighborhood frequently, making it hard to build relationships, what is this called
What are the key variables of collective efficacy and police legitimacy?
Quality of routine police services, police misconduct levels, and legal police authority
What are the characteristics of organization in the theory?
Local friendship networks, participation in local and voluntary groups, and residential stability
How do you create collective efficacy?
Prosocial businesses and places support social interaction (repeated prosocial interaction develops social cohesion which can lead to collective efficacy)
Social disorganization stems from the human ecology theory by who?
Burgess (1907)
What is ethnic heterogeneity?
This factor refers to many different cultural or ethnic groups living in the same area, which social disorganization theory says can sometimes weaken social ties leading to crime and delinquency.
What are possible explanations as to why the model does not indicate legitimacy promotes collective efficacy?
Conceptualization issues and sampling bias
What are the 5 layers of the Concentric Zone Model?
Central Business District, Zone in Transition, Working-Class Residential Zone, Residential Zone, and Commuter Zone
What are the influences on collective efficacy?
Population change, institutional interruptions from residential mobility, residential mobility, financial investment in neighborhood, macroeconomic change, economic stratification, and concentrated disadvantage
What are 4 of the main characteristics of social disorganization?
Low SES, ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, and familial disruption
What does crime and delinquency look like in social disorganization theory?
Neighborhoods with few friendship networks, unsupervised peer groups, and low participation in organizations tend to have higher levels of this.
How do you generate legitimacy?
Procedural justice, favorable outcomes, improving neighborhood conditions, effectiveness of fighting crime, reduce fear of crime, and favorable outcomes in police interactions
What are the findings of Social Disorganization Theory?
Fewer friendship networks, unsupervised peer groups, and low levels of community participation have disproportionately higher levels of crime and delinquency
What is the conceptual path of collective efficacy?
Social cohesion + willingness to intervene for prosocial purposes (common good) = reduced violence
Who incorporated routine activities theory with social disorganization and collective efficacy?
Morenoff et al. (2001)
What is social cohesion?
When neighborhoods lack strong networks, shared trust, and community involvement, crime is more likely because this breaks down.
What are the findings of collective efficacy and police legitimacy?
Each police related variable had a strong relationship with collective efficacy than neighborhood factors