Social class
Define accent
Distinctive way in which language is pronounced based on where you are from
Eckert argued that teenagers use language to define themselves into what two groups?
Jocks and Burnouts
What is code switching?
Switching between two or more languages to effectively convey emotion and ethnic identity (main theorist is Holmes)
Define Language
Regional, social or contextual differences in the way language is used
Features of "teen speak" according to Ives
Taboo topics
Slang and Swearing
Textspeak / Initialisms (eg: idk)
Colloquial words / non-standard words
Who is the main theorist for language and ethnicity?
Gary Ives
What was Labov's NY department store
Labov visited three stores in New York, one high status and one middle status. He asked a question that would evoke them to say "fourth floor", he would then ask them to repeat it. Lower classes were more aware of overt prestige, so would change on the second time, there was little change for the upper classes.
Moore argued that teen girls used Non-standard or Standard forms of language to split themselves into what 4 groups?
Eden Valley Girls
The Geeks
The Populars
The Townies
What was Kerswill's study?
MLE - originates from immigrants from the Caribbean now used by members of young working class from all ethnic backgrounds in London.
Restricted vs Elaborated code (Bernstein)
Restricted code: Inherently deictic, relaxed syntax, used many simple coordinating conjunctions
Elaborated code: Standard syntax, more subordinate and subordinating conjunctions.
Who argued teenagers in Reading used language to show there support of crime?
Cheshire
Interviewed a range of students from a variety of ethnic backgrounds and asked them what words set them apart from other areas of the country. Students from all ethnic backgrounds used words in MLE such as "calm" and "bare".
Petyt's Bradford study
-Aitch- dropping, RP sounds in the city of Bradford. The lower classes were more likely to aitch drop, socially aspirational speakers used RP sounds incorrectly (hypercorrection)
Who argued that Teenagers frequently used the word "Like" and intensify the majority of their adjectives?
Tagliamonte
What was Ive's conclusion from the Bradford study?
Code-switching was a conscious choice made by the pakistani boys as a way of distinguishing them from the "freshies" (kids born in Pakistan then moved to the UK)