Who is the theorist?
Anomie
Durkheim
This takes place when individuals accept the culturally defined goals, but reject the institutionalized means to achieve them.
Innovation
Strain can result from the ________ of a negative stimuli.
presence
__________ are justifications and rationalizations are used by individuals prior to and after committing crimes that allow them to violate laws to which they basically subscribe.
techniques of neutralization
Theories of this type focus on individual factors and characteristics that explain offending.
Micro-level
Strain Theory
Robert Merton
This takes place when individuals completely reject the culturally defined goals and institutionalized means to achieve them.
Retreatism
Strain can result from the _____ of a positive stimuli.
loss
The motivation and ______ of crime are learned through associations with others.
techniques
Theories of this type focus on differences in ecological structures and characteristics to explain differences in crime rates.
Macro-level
General Strain Theory
Robert Agnew
This takes place when individuals accept the culturally defined goals and institutionalized means to achieve them.
Conformity
Strain can result from the _________ between expectations and achievements.
disjuncture
A person becomes delinquent because an excess of ___________ favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violations of law.
definitions
These theories link structural/ecological conditions to individual level behaviors.
Meso-level
Differential Association
Edwin Sutherland
This takes place when individuals reject the culturally defined goals , but accept the institutionalized means to achieve them.
Ritualism
Strain can result from the _________ positively valued goals.
failure to achieve
____________ happens when lower class youths have cultural aspirations, but limited means to achieve their goals, as a consequence they rebel through a process called reaction formation.
Status frustration
This is the breakdown in the ability of society to regulate the natural appetites of the individuals in society.
Anomie
Social Learning Theory
Ronald Akers
For Merton, the source of strain is related to one's ______ status or situation.
economic
the experience of strain which results in ________ can lead to involvement in crime/delinquency
negative emotions
People evaluate their own behavior through interactions, including positive and negative punishments, with significant other people and groups, this is referred to as __________.
Differential Reinforcement
The public response to crime and deviance is _______ as it reinforces solidarity and integrates society.
functional