Ancient Political Theories
From which philosopher was Alexander the Great a student?
Aristotle.
Who wrote The Prince?
Machiavelli.
What is the subjective spirit?
The dimension of subjective and individual consciousness. Personal mentality.
What was the religious position of the young or left-wing hegelians?
Atheism.
What is the name of the main nationalist thinker during the context of German Romanticism and Idealism?
Johann Gottlieb Fichte.
This theory was designed by economists and not philosophers.
Neo Liberalism.
This Greek thinker argues that the best political organization is a democracy.
Aristotle.
Identify the author/source that advocates the necessity of a strong ruler, balancing ruthlessness and intellect. Such as a lion and fox.
Machiavelli, The Prince.
What is the objective spirit?
The dimension of collective consciousness. The social and collective mentality.
To which period do proletarians and burgueois belong?
Capitalism.
Mention in which senses Fichte argues that there is a German superiority over the rest of the peoples.
Moral, educational, religious, and cultural superiority.
This thinker wrote Anarchy, State and Utopia.
Robert Nozick.
As a result of this thinker, ethics became dissociated from politics.
Machiavelli.
What is Hobbes's anthropological conception?
Negative. Human beings are inherently evil and selfish.
What is the absolute spirit?
The dimension of historical consciousness. The cultural mindset.
What originated the appearence of private property in primitive communism?
Division of labour.
What is the moral duty that Fichtes describes in his Addresses to the German Nation?
The German people has a divine mission to guide the rest of the peoples, and it is a duty that cannot be ignored.
Name the three states that were in conflict during the 20th century.
Liberal democracy, socialism, and totalitarianism.
This Greek thinker argues that there is an ideal virtue for governing a city. This virtue is dominant when governing a specific social class. Mention the thinker's name, the virtue, and the social class.
Plato, justice, and the social class of governors.
Which modern contractualists thinkers rejected slavery?
Locke and Rousseau.
How does Hegel define universal history?
Progress of the idea of freedom in consciousness.
Why Marx claimed that he "flipped" Hegel's idealism?
Because he subverted the causal order of history. First he starts with the economy, then politics, then culture, and finally ideas. Ideas are the consequence of economical forces.
What was Vasconcelo's political affiliation during the 1930s?
Nazism.
This theory sugests that some ways of distributing justice are through the balance of public and private institutions as well as with taxation.
Classical liberalism.
Provide examples for each form of government according to Aristotle: 1) government by one, 2) government by a few, and 3) government by many.
1) Monarchy and tyranny. 2) Aristocracy and oligarchy. 3) Magistrates' democracy and any other kind of democracy.
Starting with Locke, is it possible to defend a constitutional monarchy?
No.
What generates conflict in the master-servant dialectic?
The struggle for recognition.
Why Neo Marxists don't do economical theory?
Because they accept that Engels already did that and capitalism is unavoidable. Therefore, they only propose cultural critiques.
Does the theory of the totalitarian state accept liberalism or socialism?
No. The totalitarian state is a response against socialism because it denies the horizontality of social classes and the abolition of private property. It rejects liberalism because it is a doctrine that limits and decentralizes the power of the state.
This author conceives the natural state as anarchy driven by pure egoism.
Robert Nozick.
Athens and Sparta.
What does alienation imply for Rousseau?
Losing one's freedom.
How does the servant rebel against the master?
Through work.
What is the infrastructure [Basis]?
The social means of production and the economic dynamics of a society work.
What are the main characteristics of the enemy within the context of totalitarian propaganda? How this enemy is stablished?
General and ambiguous traits, but the intention of the enemy is to destroy the nation. The State stablishes who is the enemy.
This political theory suggests that the State tends to behave as an individual, therefore it is driven by also by egoism.
Libertarianism.
Explain a philosophical and biographic reason of why Plato rejected a democratic system.
Pericles. The mentality of an aristocrat. The argument of the virtues, the social classes, education, etc.
According to Kant, is it true or false that law should be a legal rejection of the categorical imperative?
False.
How does a consciousness acquire the role of master, and what does alienation consist of?
Through the domination or subjugation of another consciousness. Alienation is being deprived of autonomy.
How does Marx understand progress in opposition to Hegel?
Economical emancipation.
Why was Romanticism fascinated with medieval German folklore?
Because it represents an idyllic moment of past glory.
According to Friedmans neo liberalism, what are the main conditions to have a real democracy?
No monopolies, no State, and free market.
List in order the virtues, social classes, and types of governments that Plato considered ideal.
Moderation, courage, wisdom, and justice; these belong to the following social classes: workers and peasants, guardians and rulers. The sum of the three virtues are generated by justice in the government of the philosopher king.
According to Kantian theory, what is the difference between forms of domination (imperii) and forms of government (regiminis)?
The former are despotic forms of domination that lack real constitutionality, while the latter are more just. The latter possess a separation of powers and constitutionality.
What does recognition consist of in the dialectic of master and servant?
The search for autonomy, dignity, and freedom of a conscience, the self.
What constitutes dialectic materialism? In what manner can the master-servant dialectic be relevant to historical analysis?
To analyse the economical conditions. To analyse the class struggle bewtween social classes that drive the alteration of economical systems.
What does the Romantic intellectual project consist of, and why is it a rejection of the Enlightenment?
It consists of elevating emotion above reason, thus rejecting a rational-scientific view of reality.
According to Friedmans neo liberalism, why monopolies are a problem for democracy and the free market?
Because the eliminate competition and innovation. Without these two there is no democratic participation.