Attraction and Close Relationships
______ is when people tend to develop a preference for things simply because they are familiar with them.
The Mere Exposure Effect
_______ are voluntary actions aimed at helping or supporting others, without expecting a personal reward in return.
Prosocial behaviors
_________Aggressive behavior increases because it leads to a reward.
Positive reinforcement
The__________ refers to a psychological phenomenon in which the presence of a weapon draws a witness’s attention and reduces their ability to recall other details of a crime scene—especially the perpetrator’s face or other identifying features.
Weapon-focus Effect
The finding that workers who were given special attention increased their productivity regardless of what actual changes were made in the work setting.
Hawthorne effect
The desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships
Need for affiliation
_________ states that helping behaviors increase the survival and reproductive success of individuals who share our genes or who can later help us in return.
Evolutionary Perspective
_______ happens when we redirecting anger or aggression away from the true source and toward a safer or more acceptable target.
Displacement
Refers to the tendency for people to have more difficulty recognizing and accurately identifying faces of individuals from racial or ethnic groups different from their own.
Cross-race identification bias
_________is the practice of researching or screening someone’s digital footprint—such as their social media, online posts, photos, public records, or search results—to make judgments about their character, credibility, or suitability.
Cybervetting
The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics
What-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype
_______ states that we are more likely to help close genetic relatives because doing so increases the chances that our shared genes will survive
Kin Selection
_________refers to the tendency for a person to interpret others’ behaviors as having hostile or aggressive intent — even when the behavior is neutral or ambiguous.
Hostile Attribution Bias
_____________occurs when feedback given to an eyewitness after they’ve made an identification (e.g., “Good job—you picked the suspect”) alters their confidence, memory, or recollection of the event.
Post-identification feedback effect
A policy that gives special consideration to women and members of underrepresented minority groups in recruitment, hiring, admissions, and promotion decisions
Affirmative Action
The tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available
Hard-to-get effect
________suggests that people help others in order to reduce their own negative emotions, such as guilt, sadness, or discomfort
Negative State Relief Model
_______ refers to an impulsive, emotionally-driven response to a perceived threat, provocation, or frustration — rooted in anger or fear.
Reactive Aggression
___________is an electronic instrument, commonly used by police, that simultaneously records multiple channels of physiological arousal.
Polygraph
The ________ is a cognitive bias where our judgment of something is distorted by what we saw immediately before it.
Contrast effect
Early relationships with caregivers form the foundation for how we relate to others throughout life—especially in emotional closeness, trust, and coping with stress.
Attachment style
________is the tendency for people to be less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.
The Bystander Effect
The idea that frustration always elicits the motive to aggress, and that all aggression is caused by frustration
The Frustration–Aggression Hypothesis
Inconsistency of sentences for the same offense from one judge to another.
Sentencing disparity
The _________is a cognitive bias where our overall impression of a person (usually based on one noticeable trait)influences how we judge their other characteristics.
Halo effect