Feathers and Nests
These two things made the land in American colonies different from English society
Open land and lack of social class
Thomas Hobbes developed the concept of the "state of nature" in his 1651 book. He described a time when people were left entirely to themselves, with no notions of right or wrong, where life was "a war of every man against every man." People escaped this miserable state by forming a social contract with a sovereign ruler, giving freedoms in return for peace and security.
The Leviathan
Some Liberals, following John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, believed the best government is controlled by the majority of free citizens through representative assemblies like the British parliament. These republicans opposed absolute monarchy and family hierarchy. Republicans held that only men of talent4the "natural aristocracy" should hold political office, whether they were born aristocrats or not. They emphasized virtue, meaning prudence, intelligence, insight into public affairs, and public spirit.
Republican Liberalism
Spanish authorities cut off English mariner Robert Jenkins' ear, leading Parliament to declare war on Spain.
War of Jenkin's Ear
The Old French and Indian War merged with the Seven Years' War in Europe. The first three years (1755-1758) witnessed French and Indian victories, but things changed when William Pitt became British prime minister in 1758. Pitt appointed Jeffrey Amherst as commander-in-chief with capable brigadier general James Wolfe. Together with the British fleet, they captured the French fortress of Louisbourg in July 1758.
The French and Indian War
Families breaking apart and moving west, as well as societies without great classes was called this
The Great Migration West
Adopted some of Hobbes' ideas but rejected others in his 1689 work, Two Treatises on Government. Like Hobbes, he said mankind originally lived in a state of nature where individuals were completely free. However, he believed each person possessed three natural rights that no one could justly take: life, liberty, and property. Unlike Hobbes, he thought people in the state of nature were supposed to follow a moral "natural law" requiring them to respect others' rights.
John Locke
Natural Aristocrats (men of talent and intelligence)
Common People (farmers, craftsmen)
Dependent workers (those who worked for others)
are examples of what?
The Natural Aristocracy
Rivalry between British and French colonists over the Ohio River valley led to the "Old French and Indian War." English colonists formed land companies to buy lands in western Pennsylvania and Ohio to sell to settlers.
The Ohio Valley Conflict
The most important victory fell to this guy: the capture of Quebec. In September 1759, on the Plains of Abraham outside the city, his forces defeated the French. He lost his life in this battle, but the British gained Quebec and the entire St. Lawrence River. Almost a year later, the French surrendered Montreal to the British, effectively ending the war except for Chief Pontiac's uprising in the Great Lakes region.
James Wolfe
Beginning in 1734 Jonathan Edwards ignited fiery religious revival with preaching of God's wrath towards sinners, inspiring many that personal salvation was achievable and they were equal to religious leaders
The Great Awakening
Natural Rights, Social Contract, and Government Purpose was what according to Locke?
The Social Contract
This influenced the intellectual class in Europe and found adherents in English American colonies, especially among the colonial aristocracy wealthy merchants, large landowners, and members of the intelligentsia. Many of these men thought of themselves as belonging to the natural aristocracy and objected to having little power in colonial government. Others embraced democratic ideals fostered by movements like the Great Awakening.
Liberal Ideas Spreading to America
When the French ignored a protest delivered by this Virginian lieutenant colonel , Virginia's governor sent him to attack French Fort Duquesne. His battle at Great Meadows ended in defeat for the Virginians.
In another assault led by British General Braddock in 1755, the French and their Indian allies again routed the British and Virginian colonial militia. Indian raids subsequently forced English colonists to abandon settlements in the Shenandoah Valley.
George Washington
This ended the French and Indian War, making France give up most North American colonies, Louisiana to Spain, and gave England all land east of the Mississippi and north to Canada
Peace of Paris 1763
These three ideas laid the foundation for the American Revolution
Religious revival, individual equality, and personal relationship
Government exists as a necessary evil to protect individual rights vs Government is a positive good that helps achieve the "common good".
Liberal vs Medieval Thought
These three European powers all fought wars for control of the North American colonies
Spain, France and Great Britain
This body approved a plan of union introduced by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson, calling for a legislative assembly with members appointed by colonies and a president appointed by the king.
The Albany Congress
Parliament had control of Foreign affairs and war, Trade between America, Britain, and foreign countries, and Taxes on colonial trade with outside regions.
Colonies had control of Internal colonial affairs, Appointing government officials, Administering schools and churches, Levying internal taxes
Division of Power
Developed as a political and social philosophy emphasizing that human beings by nature are individuals who live unconnected to anyone and have no obligation to obey anyone. Every person is born completely free and equal to every other person
Rise of Liberal Ideas
The Scientific Method, Reason of All, and Freedom of Expression were all part of this broader European movement
The Enlightenment Movement
War of Spanish Succession in America. France surrendered Newfoundland and L'Acadie (Nova Scotia) to England.
Queen Anne's War
What led to the Albany Congress' failure
Proposed power and western governance
1 1764 - Crackdown on Smuggling-British government gave customs officials permission to search homes, warehouses, and ships. Accused smugglers tried in Halifax, Nova Scotia, not local courts.
2 1763 - Proclamation Line-Parliament drew a line along western colonial borders. Lands beyond were reserved for Indians; no white settlement allowed.
3 Anglican Bishop Proposal-Suggestion to appoint a Church of England bishop for America, seen as establishing a state church.
Growing British Control