Islamic Civilization
What do we call symbols that we use for numbers today (0, 7, 3) and why?
Arabic Numerals ; It came to Europe from the Arab (or Muslim) world.
The reign of Augustus, the 1st Roman emperor, began a long period of peace & prosperity, which was known as what?
Pax Romana
Why were most educations opportunities available only to boys?
Eve through some girls could read + write, more oppurtunites were only available to boys because when they grow up, only free adult males could take part in the government.
What is a heresy?
A belief that is rejected by official church teaching.
What was the birthplace of the Renaissance?
Italy
Muhammad was the first Muslim leader.
After Muhammad died, what were the rulers of a Muslim community called?
Caliphs
What structure did the Ancient Romans develop in order to hold public displays of entertainment on a massive scale?
A round amphitheater & built stadiums across the empire.
Which geographical landform of Greece encourages a spirit of independence?
Mountain Ranges
What does excommunicate mean?
To exclude a person from a church or religious community
What was the Renaissance and what does the word mean
“Rebirth” in French
Had a range between 1300s - 1500s
What is labor specialization and how did it come about in ancient Africa?
Labor specialization is the division of jobs & skills in a society.
Since food supplies grew, not everyone could grow food, therefore, some people could become experts in things like government or crafts.
In the Roman Republic, which people were and were not considered citizens and who could or could not have a direct roles (be active) in the government.
All free adult males were citizens and could be active in government ; Women & Slaves were not citizens and had no direct role in government.
How did each Ancient Greek commmunity begin to organize itself?
Polis, or city state
The polis became the basic unit of Ancient Greek government.
Why did foreign students flock to the city of Córdoba in Muslim Spain
They wanted to learn math, medicine (science), music, and philosophy.
What effect did colonization have on a city-state’s merchants?
Merchants grew rich from the increased trade and therefore had a greater role in society
Which group of people held the Sunnah of in high regard? How many are here today?
Sunnis ; Most Muslims today (at least 85%) are Sunnis.
As the Roman Empire grew, which group of people moved to the city in search of work?
Name one thing that wealthy & poor Romans had in common & define it.
Poor Romans
Established Religion (an official religion supported by the government)- both wealthy & poor Romans worshipped Roman gods
What did the discipline + training of Spartan life create?
What did the people of Athens value?
Sparta: It created a powerful army + a stable government.
Athens: Valued individual expressions + new ideas
In the 1200s, what did Pope Gregory IX create, and what did it mean?
Inquisition - a series of investigations designed to fine & judge heretics
What were 3 lasting effects that the Crusades had on Europe?
Encouraged exploration & discovery
Cities like Venice & Genoa became wealthy because of trade
Trade increased, due to more trade routes being established, others opened
Europeans benefited from scientific + medical knowledge of the Muslims (more advanced than their own)
Explain what the Niger & Sahara is and what they provided?
NIGER: One of the largest rivers of West Africa. It provides a source of water for crops & was a means of travel.
SAHARA: The world’s largest desert & covers most of Northern Africa.
What was the main idea in Rome’s system of governments, and what does it mean?
Separation of Powers ; This means over was shared among different people with set roles.
How was education important to the democracy in Athens?
The educations students received was designed to produce well-rounded citizens who could take part in public life.
What is an important legal practice to come out of English common law, and what benefit does it provide?
Habeas Corpus- refers to a court order to bring an arrested person before a judge or court
Which inventions in 1450 made the publishing of books less expensive + easier?
The German Printer