Renaissance
Reformation and Scientific Revolution
Mesoamerican Civilizations
North and South American Civilizations
Age of Exploration
100

Who were the popes during the Renaissance?

List 5 key cities of the Renaissance?

Most important of 18: Pius V (1566-72), Paul V (1605-21), Innocent XI (1676-89), and Benedict XIV (1740-58)

Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples, Rome



100

Define Reformation?

List 5 key figures of the Reformation and what they did?

What is the printing press and who created it?

What are the effects of the printing press?

Process of reforming a institution (in this case the Catholic church)

Martin Luther. Henry VII. John Calvin - French theologian who came up with the idea of predestination and founded Calvinism. John Wydcliffe - Translated Bible to English for the first time in an attempt to educate common people more about Christianity. William Tyndale - Also translated the Bible into English.

Invention by Johannes Gutenberg that used stamps on a composing stick to print many copies of one page.

Literary rate increased now the books were cheaper and more accessible. Knowledge was more available and accurate (including Reformation information).




100

Who were the Mesoamerican civilizations?

When did the Mesoamerican civilizations reign and where were they located?

Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Aztec, Inca

Maya - Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, peak at 200 - 900 CE. Aztec - Mexico, 1325 - 1500s. Inca - Peru, 1400 - 1530

100

What were the North American tribes by region?

Northeast/woodland, northwest/coastal, southeast, southwest, plains

100

Who were the 8 explorers?

Where did the 8 explorers travel and where did they travel for?

What were the motivations for exploring?

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator and how did he contribute to the Age of Exploration?

Henry Hudson, Jacques Cartier, Vasco de Gama, Bartolomeu Dias, Christopher Columbus, Hernado de Soto, Ferdinand Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci


Henry Hudson

  • Country sailed for: England

  • Sailed to: Four voyages in search of a water route to East Asia. Eventually got to North America and founded the Hudson River, strait, and bay.

Jacques Cartier

  • Country sailed for: France

  • Sailed to: Canada, explored the St. Lawrence River, laid the base for France’s claim to Canada.

Vasco da Gama

  • Country sailed for: Portugal 

  • Sailed to: Found ocean route to Asia. Led explorations to India and the tip of Africa. 

Bartolomeu Dias

  • Country sailed for: Portugal

  • Sailed to: First European to reach tip of Africa

Christopher Columbus

  • Country sailed for: Spain

  • Sailed to: “Discovered” North America and sailing route. Led first Age of Exploration expeditions to the Americas

Hernando de Soto

  • Country sailed for: Spain

  • Sailed to: Discovered Mississippi River 

Ferdinand Magellan

  • Country sailed for: Portugal and Spain

  • Sailed to: Led first expedition to circumnavigate the Earth.

Amerigo Vespucci

  • Country sailed for: Spain

  • Sailed to:“Discovered” South America.  Named after him.


Three major motivations: economic gain, religion, political. Trade routes directly to Asia were wanted for economic gain. Monarchs funding explorations to gain popularity. For religious reasons, people either came to the new world to spread their religion or escape tension between Protestant and Catholics.

Portugal prince that began exploration popularity by convincing his father, the king, to fund explorations and later contributing to many crucial navigational tools. 






200

Define Renaissance?

Name the major Renaissance patron families and what they did?

Movement or time period that revitalized visual and literary art in Europe.

Medici family. Family of bankers and merchants that ruled over Florence and were the biggest art patrons of the Renaissance.

200

Who was Martin Luther?

What was the Diet of Worms?

What were the 95 Theses?

What was the Counter Reformation?

What was the Council of Trent?

German theologian who started the Reformation. He noticed problems in the church like corruption and indulgences and spoke out against them by nailing his 95 Theses to a church door. He was then declared an outlaw and started Lutheranism.

Trial that was held in the city of Worms to determine what to do with Luther. He was given a chance to take back what he said but refused and was declared an outlaw.

Luther’s document stating his ideas about the church’s problems. He nailed it to the door of Wittenberg Castle Church.

Reform within the church in response to the Reformation. Started with the Council of Trent. Later had the Inquisition, a time of persecution of non-Christians and Protestants. Tortured and killed while trying to obtain confessions. Also made the Index of Forbidden Books to control what members of the church read with the invention of the printing press.

A meeting of church leaders spanning over 18 years. Focused on getting rid of the church’s serious abuses. Highlighted importance of free will and education and training of priests, confirmed church’s basic teachings, and eliminating corruption. 

200

What were some achievements of the Mesoamerican civilizations?

What was daily life like in the Mesoamerican civilizations?

Maya - Observatories, calendars, number system, pok-ta-tok. Aztec - Tenochtitlan, causeways, chinampas, dike for freshwater. Inca - Mita system, road system, suspension bridges, Machu Picchu, terraces, agriculture

Maya - Lived in villages and farmed corn, beans, tomatoes, squash, hot peppers, dog , deer, and rabbit. Women raised kids, kept houses and gardens, and weaved baskets. Aztec- People were farmers or lived in cities and had floating gardens. Boys went to school to receive moral, writing, math, and astronomy education. Inca- People organized into clans or ayllus that pool resources. Lived in windowless huts where girls and boys copied their parent’s trades. Grew corn, squash, peanuts, cotton, and many potatoes. Raised guinea pigs, alpacas, and llamas.



200

How was daily life like in the specific tribes (agriculture, architecture, culture, etc)?

The agriculture in each tribe is based on the three staples; corn, beans, and squash. The housing varied from each tribe including portable homes such as teepees and more permanent ones like wattle and daub houses.

200

What were the new navigational tools and what did they do?

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Who was Cortez and what did he do?

Who is Pizarro and what did he do?

Caravel - sturdy on rough seas like northern ships, easy to handle like southern ships. Large, could carry many goods. Astrolabe - determines ship's latitude using the sun, moon, and stars. This helped determine a ship’s location anytime of day. Chronometer - to avoid the problem of taking inaccurate measurements on a ship, the chronometer used a timekeeping system to determine longitude. Compass - device that determines direction from the magnetic pull of the Earth.

Treaty made by the pope dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal, the two major catholic countries.

Spanish explorer that conquered the Aztecs with the assistance of smallpox wiping out most of the population.

Spanish explorer that conquered the Inca.


300

How did art evolve from Medieval times to the Renaissance?

What are some characteristics in Renaissance art?

Besides just changes in art techniques and style, artists also became more respected, were given credit for their work and the skill it takes, had more artistic freedom, and became artists instead of laborers.While medieval art was unrealistic church scenes, Renaissance art was realistic and had more variety of subjects.

Realism, linear perspective, non-religious themes, humanism-impacted

300

Who was King Henry VIII and the Tudor Dynasty?

How did King Henry VIII impact the Reformation?

What were some conflicts between Catholics and Protestants?

Where were there new Protestant religions?

King Henry VII was the king of England during the Reformation and a member of the Tudor dynasty. He is most famous for his 6 wives and separating England from the Catholic church.

After the catholic church refused him a divorce he made his own church, the Church of England, that granted him a divorce and made the whole country of England protestant.

Many conflicts began in countries divided over catholic vs protestant. For example, in France catholic Queen Catherine de Medici married Henry of Navarre, a protestant leader, to try to bring peace but only cause a massacre of protestants in protest.

Lutheranism, Calvinism, Angelican

300

What were the religions of each of the Mesoamerican civilizations?

How did geography impact the daily life of Mesoamerican civilizations?

Maya - Think of pok-ta-tok as a battle between good and evil and the losers were often sacrificed. Aztec - Believed that each night the sun god battled the forces of darkness. Attempted to help their god find the strength to rise again through human sacrifices. Inca - Viewed king as Sapa Inca, or the son of the sun god, Inti.

Maya - The geography in the Maya empire is so diverse that many natural resources could be found and contributed to the civilization’s wealth. Aztec - Adapted to abundant lakes by building a city complete with floating grades in the middle of a lake. Rich soil is perfect for vital crops. Inca - Adapted to the many hills by cutting farming areas into the hills and even building on the hills.



300

How did the geography and climate affect each region and the tribes living in it?

The geography and climate of each region affected the crops that could be grown, clothes that could be worn, houses that would work, and the animals that could be hunted.

300

What are encomiendas?

Who is Bartolome de Las Casas and what did he do?

Which country colonized which area?

How did countries colonize that area?

System used to encourage Europeans to come to the New World by offering land and slaves to all Spanish settlers.

Priest that realized how awful the slavery situaton in the Americas was and spoke out against it by writing.

Spain had the side of North and South America close to the Pacific Ocean. England had 13 colonies and some of Canada. Danish had the area surrounding the Great Lakes. Portugal had Brazil.

Through brutal conquering or trades most of the time.

400

Explain humanism and connection with the Renaissance?

Belief that humans have a potential for greatness, that humans are good by nature, and worthy of study. Supported by ancient Greeks and Romans, which connected to the Renaissance love of ancient learning.

400

What is the Scientific Revolution and what led to it?

What are 5 key figures of the Scientific Revolution and what did they discover/believe?

Movement where thinkers (scientists, philosophers) observed and experimented to learn about the world. Inspired by rationalism, the idea that knowledge is gained by reasoning.

Isaac Newton - Discovered gravity. Copernicus - Proposed heliocentric theory. Galileo Galilei - Proved that objects of unequal weights still hit the ground at the same time when dropped, proved heliocentric theory. Rene Descartes - Used reasoning to explain Christianity to prove reasoning and religion could work together. Francis Bacon - Created scientific method



400

List any important figures in Mesoamerican civilizations?

The most important figure in Aztec history is Moctezuma II. Moctezuma was the unfathomably powerful Aztec king when they were conquered by the Spanish.

400

What was the Iroquois League and what did it do?

An alliance between 5 native tribes (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca) against their common enemy, the Huron.

400

How did countries get people to come to the New World?

Why did people come to the new world because of religion?

What was the Columbian Exchange?

What was exchanged in the Columbian Exchange? 

Through systems like the encomiendas and promises of a better life.

To either spread their religion through missionaries and converting natives or to escape religious persecution and the tension between Catholics and protestants.

The exchange of goods between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

People, ideas, religion, livestock, goods, diseases

500

List 4 Renaissance artists and what they are known for?

List 4 other influential Renaissance figures (writers, politics, etc)?

Leonardo da Vinci - “Renaissance man”, sculptor, painter, architect, inventor, and scientist. Known for The Last Supper and Mona Lisa. 

Michelangelo - Painter, sculptor, architect, and poet. Known for Pieta, David, Sistine Chapel. 

Donatello - Realistic sculptor, most famous being the David. 

Raphael - Painter of the School of Athens, an ideal representation of Renaissance art.

Machiavelli - Writer of books about leadership 

Boccaccio - Wrote comedy books 

Francesco Petrarca - Father of humanism

Sofonisba Anguissola - Female portrait painter









500

What were the conflicting theories about the Solar system?

What was the scientific method?

How did the Catholic church react to the Scientific Revolution?

The geocentric theory was the idea that the Earth was the center of the universe, while heliocentric theory was the idea that the sun was in the center of the universe.

Process using experiments, observations, and reasoning to come to a conclusion. Steps go like; ask a question, background research, hypothesis, test hypothesis, analyze data, report results.

The church persecuted any scientists whose discoveries were contrary to the bible or church teachings.

500

How did each of the Mesoamerican civilizations fall?

Maya - Unknown circumstances. A drought or disease may have been the cause. Aztec - Conquered by Cortez, a Spanish explorer, after most of the population was wiped out from smallpox. Inca - Conquered by Pizarro, a Spanish explorer, after the Sapa Inca was killed.

500

What came from the new world to the old world during the Columbian Exchange?

What came from the old world to the new world during the Columbian Exchange?

What is mercantilism?

How did colonization assist with mercantilism?

How did the middle class grow during the Age of Exploration?

Sugarcane, tobacco, chocolate, vanilla, tomatoes, corn, potatoes

Pigs, horses, cows, chickens, diseases including chickenpox, measles, mumps, smallpox, slaves

Economic policy that allows countries to strengthen their economy through trade

Colonies could trade with the country they were in while avoiding the foreign tax.

Previously, there had not really been a middle class. Middle class mainly grew because of cottage industry and skilled workers. Cottage industry allowed middle class merchants to make clothes cheaply while still getting a good price. Skilled workers actually got credit for their work and became richer.

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