Human Nature
Hobbes' theory of human nature
What is rational egoism?
Bentham's term for his theory of human reason
What is rational utility?
Ideology
The worldview enforced by the ruling class to mystify reality
These are what Locke says are the two primary purposes of government
What are the protection of property and acting as an impartial judge in disputes?
“If anyone this script incomprehensible and hard on the ears, I do not think the fault necessarily lies with me”
Nietzsche
Rousseau's stage of human development when we develop speech, reason, and morality
What is the advanced state of nature?
Locke's two views on human reason, and what he thinks they should lead us toward
Rousseau's three types of freedom
What are: natural freedom, moral freedom, and civil freedom
These are the individual freedoms Hobbes says we must give up when we join society
What are all of them?
"In a perfect order of legislation, the particular or individual will should be absent, the corporate will belonging to the government should be very subordinate, and consequently, the general or sovereign will should always dominate and serve as the only rule for all the others"
Rousseau
Locke's theory of human nature
What is instrumental rationality?
Irrational elements which JS Mill says we rely on when doing utilitarian calculus (at least 3)
What are feelings, custom, experience, untested beliefs, religion, and superstition?
Alienation
Our activities are imposed on us; we do certain work because we have to, work that is not expressive of our own goals and aspirations. This makes our lives feel frustrating, but also mysterious, because we don’t fully understand what we do or why we do it. We are experiencing alienation, and so we make our world in a condition of unfreedom.
The author who argues punishment is ONLY justified if it deters future crime
Who is Bentham?
"Remember this, freedom is a pure idea. It occurs spontaneously and without instruction.”
Nemik from Star Wars Andor
The author and definition of the "species-being" idea
What is Marx's idea that we are unified as a species by our nature as self-creating beings?
What is the subjugation of more and more areas of life to rationalization, definition, and rule-making?
Ressentiment
Starts with a feeling of resentment but becomes a distinct idea because you can’t act on that feeling, you are too weak to actually resolve the conflict that breeds resentment, and so that feeling turns inward and becomes imaginative. I am too weak to improve my condition, to impose my values and goals on the world and on other people and take revenge on the people who rule me. If I can’t take control of what’s going on in the world, what can I take control of? Ans: how I perceive the world
This author believes that division of labor and inequality will lead to despotism
Who is Rousseau?
“After the emotional excitement of revolution comes the return to the traditional daily grind, the hero of faith disappears, and above all, faith itself evaporates…one of the preconditions of success is that the followers undergo a process of spiritual impoverishment and routinization…in the interests of discipline”
Weber
A nature based on self-assertion
What is Nietzsche's noble/master morality?
Rousseau thinks this is a reasonable number of years to spend in a throuple with a Catholic missionary you met when you were 16
What is 11 years of living together, and 7 years of relationship?
Two authors who believe the state must have a complete monopoly on force.
Who are Hobbes and Weber?
"I desire to know what kind of government that is, and how much better it is than the state of nature, where one man, commanding a multitude, has the liberty to be judge in his own case, and may do to all his subjects whatever he pleases, without the least liberty to any one to question or control those who execute his pleasure?"
Locke