MODERN GEORGIAN POLITICS & HISTORY
This city was the site of the violent crackdown on peaceful demonstrators in 1989.
What is Tbilisi?
These conflicts began in the early 1990s following Georgia’s independence.
What are the conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia?
This system concentrates power mainly in the president’s hands.
What is a presidential system?
Most Georgian parties are organized around this rather than ideology.
What is a single leader?
This economic system collapsed following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
What is the planned economy?
This authority was responsible for the use of force against protesters on 9 April 1989.
Who were the Soviet authorities?
This country played a major military and political role in both conflicts.
What is Russia?
This system gives more power to the parliament and the government.
What is a parliamentary system?
This weakness describes the lack of transparent decision-making within parties.
What is weak internal democracy?
The transfer of state assets to private ownership is referred to as this.
What is privatization?
This type of event explains why 9 April 1989 became a national trauma.
What is the violent suppression of peaceful protests resulting in civilian deaths?
The term for unresolved conflicts with no peace treaty but no active war.
What are frozen conflicts?
Georgia shifted from a presidential to this form of republic.
What is a parliamentary republic?
This sharp division and hostility between political camps is referred to as this.
What is political polarization?
One positive result of post-Soviet economic reforms.
What is market reforms and economic growth?
The tragedy of 9 April directly strengthened this political movement.
What is the Georgian independence movement?
One major political consequence of these conflicts is for Georgia.
What is loss of territorial control?
One major reason for Georgia’s constitutional reforms.
What is reducing the concentration of power?
One reason Georgian parties depend more on individuals than on ideology.
What is personalized politics and weak party institutions?
One negative result of the economic transition in Georgia.
What is poverty or inequality?
After April 9, 1989, public attitudes toward Soviet rule underwent a significant shift.
What is the loss of legitimacy and increased opposition to Soviet rule?
A major social consequence affecting hundreds of thousands of people.
Who are internally displaced persons (IDPs)?
After reforms, power shifted away from the president toward these institutions.
What are the parliament and the government?
Political polarization affects democracy by causing this problem.
What is reduced democratic stability and cooperation?
This demographic effect occurred as people left the country to seek employment.
What is migration?