Individual & the group
According to the SIT, how does an individual enhance self-esteem?
Individual self esteem is linked to group membership and identifying with members of an in-group, and comparing themselves to in-groups and out-groups.
What is Culture?
Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations
What is Enculturation?
What is an etic approach to research?
An approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an outsider.
What was the aim of Ogihara and Uchida's (2014) research?
Ogihara and Uchida's (2014) research examined how rising individualism in Japan impacts subjective well-being among young people. It compared Japanese and American students to test if adopting individualistic values harms happiness in collectivist cultures.
Name 2 studies that study SIT.
Tajfel and Turner
Sherif (1961)- Robber's Cave experiment
What is a group norm?
Shared guidelines or rules for behavior that most group members follow.
The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.
What is Acculturation?
What is an emic approach to research?
An approach to research that focuses on understanding a culture or behavior from the insider's perspective.
What was the aim and results of Becker et al. (2002) research?
This study aimed to investigate the role of the media on adolescent female body image in Fiji.
Results: Girls with TV access showed higher drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, and bulimic behaviors than non-exposed peers.
What is reciprocal determinism?
Describes how behavior and the environment continuously interact and influence one another. Part of Social Cognitive Theory which believes we need to address environmental influences to promote change.
What is ethnocentrism?
The inability to connect with another culture; to assume that ones own culture is the standard by which other cultures are assessed.
Prescriptions for how people should interact and what messages should mean in a particular setting
What is cultural norms?
What is the minimal group paradigm?
Refers to the minimal conditions needed for intergroup membership and discrimination.
What was the aim and results Lyons-Padilla et al. (2015)
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the way a person acculturates and their cultural identity- and the role that plays in radicalization.
Results: Marginalization strongly predicted significance loss, depression, and identity fusion with heritage culture. Those with high significance loss showed greater support for fundamentalist groups and radical interpretations of Islam, but not directly from marginalization alone—suggesting a mediated pathway.
What are the main tenets of the Social Cognitive Theory? Name and briefly explain each.
Observational Learning- People acquire skills and attitudes by watching models.
Attention: In order to learn, observers must attend to the modeled behavior.
Retention: In order to reproduce an observed behavior, observers must be able to remember features of the behavior.
Reproduction: In order to reproduce an observed behavior, observers must physically and/or mentally be able to carry out the behavior.
Motivation: In order to reproduce an observed behavior, observers must want to reproduce it and expect a certain outcome from the behavior. Vicarious learning can play a role too.
What are cultural dimensions? Who created them?
Hofstede created a framework for comparing national cultures based on measurable values and behaviors.
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
What is Modelling?
Identify and explain one ethical consideration in a research study in the Socio cultural approach?
Answers may vary.
Ex: covert observations- deception
undue stress, demand characteristics, etc.
Stereotype threat is the fear that you will confirm a negative stereotype about a group that you belong to. When people are faced with a stereotype threat, they often get nervous and perform worse, thus confirming the stereotype.
Steele and Aronson (1995)
What was the aim of Berry's (1967) study?
To measure the level of conformity between two types of societies- fishing and hunting societies by using a version of the Asch paradigm.
Name and describe the 4 acculturative strategies.
Integration-maintain their heritage culture and also engage with the host culture
Assimilation-adopt the host culture fully, abandoning their heritage culture.
Separation- preserve their heritage culture while avoiding the host culture.
Marginalization-withdraw from both heritage and host cultures,
What is a common type of research method for Sociocultural approach and why is it used?
Qualitative methods like observation and semi-structured interviews. This approach is more natural, holistic, and gives richer details about the lives of individuals. Interactions with participants are also much longer so researchers get a better understanding of participant's experience.