studies
what is the aim of tajfel et al?
to investigate whether intergroup discrimination would appear based on being allocated into different groups.
which theory argues that a person has not just one “personal self”, but several different selves that correspond to group.
Social Identity Theory
What is Individualism vs Collectivism
the level to which people are integrated into groups.
looking at behaviors of a group from the perspective of one member of that group.
emic approach
studying behavior by both quantitative and qualitative methods
method triangulation
which study investigated if children could copy aggressive behaviour by observing behaviour of adults.
Bandura, Bashing Bobo study
What is a limitation of the Social Identity Theory?
It can not predict which identity will influence a persons behaviour the most in a particular situation
What is enculturation?
learning and maintaining the norms and behaviour and schemas of personal culture
what is the process of interaction and integration among people of different nations and cultures.
globalization
examples of qualitative methods
focus groups, participant observations and semi-structured interviews
This study may be used to answer a question on the formation of stereotypes or on cognitive biases
Hamilton and Gifford
What are the four cognitive factors that are involved in the Social Cognitive Theory
attention, retention, motivation, potential
4 different acculturation strategies
assimilation, integration, separation, and marginalization
one's belief in one's ability to succeed accomplishing a task.
self efficancy
Name a study which uses covert observation
Festinger (study of the Doomsday Cult)
which study used a virtual reality simulator to experience an emergency in the London metro, and an independent samples design
Drury et al
What is vicarious reinforcement?
imitation of someone else's behaviour who received positive feedback
what is the immigrant paradox
“greater” degrees of acculturation were associated with problematic health outcomes
define stereotype threat
worrying about conforming to a negative stereotype which leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of the stereotyped group
what makes a study an experiment?
a hypothesis is scientifically tested, has an IV/DV, and control variables
briefly outline Asch (1956)
aim- investigating the effect of majority influence on conformity.
sample- 123 male students in the USA.
IV/DV- iv: the "unanimous incorrect response" dv: level of conformity
procedure- a lab experiment, he used a naive participant and six confederates. they were asked to look at three lines of different lengths, on card 1 there was a single line. The participants were asked to choose the line on card 2 which was the same length as the first card. 18 trials, 12 answered wrong by confederates. there were 50 in the experimental condition and 37 participants control condition.
results- about 75% of participants conformed at least once, and 25% of participant never conformed. In the control condition, less than 1% of the participants answered incorrectly
seeing a connection between two variables when there is none
Illusory correlation
when an individual adopts behaviour and cultural values of a new culture, while abandoning their own culture
assimilation
individual characteristics that influence behavior and actions in a person - such as personality or temperament.
Dispositional factors
what is a limitation of carrying out an overt observation and how can it be eliminated?
"reactivity" - when people behave differently because they are being watched. it can be avoided by carrying out a covert observation