Deviance
Any act defined in the law as punishable by fines, imprisonment, and more
Crime
A high degree of of disparity in income, wealth, power, prestige, and other resources
Social Inequality
Characteristics of groups associated with national origins, languages, and cultural and religious practices
Ethnicity
Two or more individuals who identify themselves as being related to one another, usually by blood, marriage, or adoption, and who share intimate relationships and dependency
Family
The concentration of people in urban areas
Urbanization
A symbolic interactionist approach holding that deviant behavior is a product of the labels people attach to certain types of behavior.
Labeling Theory
The prestige associated with a social position.
Status
The process of learning social norms and values around gender
Gender socialization
The extent to which a person experiences a state of mental, physical, and social well-being. This draws on the interplay of physiology, psychology, and sociology
Health
Changes throughout the social structure of an entire society
Social change
Societies made up of many diverse groups with different norms and values. For example, the US
Pluralistic Societies
The systematic ranking of different groups of people in a hierarchy of inequality.
Social stratification
The belief that social equality should exist between the sexes; also, the social movements aimed at achieving that goal
Feminism
A universal education system provided by the government and funded by tax revenues rather than student fees
Public education
A relatively large, dense, and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals
City
Theories that propose that what is labeled deviant or criminal– and therefore who gets punished– is determined by the interests of the dominant class
Class-dominant theory
This theory states that the global capitalist economic system has long been shaped by a few powerful economic actors, who have constructed it in a way that favors their class interests.
World systems theory
An attribute that is deeply discrediting to an individual or a group because it overshadows other attributes and merits the individual or group may possess
Stigma
A society in which access to desirable work and social status depends on the possession of a certificate or diploma certifying the completion of formal education.
Credential society
Somewhat long lasting styles of imitative behavior or appearance
Fashion
A theory that explains deviance as a form of anomie that occurs when a gap exists between the culturally defined goals of a society and the means available in society to achieve those goals.
Structural Strain Theory
This theory is a market-oriented development theory that envisions development as evolutionary and guided by modern institutions, practices, and cultures.
Modernization Theory
A system of social positions in which any individual may concurrently occupy a status (gender, race, class, or sexual orientation) as a member of a dominant group and a status as a member of a dominating group
Matrix of domination
This idea argues that men and women experience marriage differently
His and Her Marriage
Movements seeking to fundamentally alter the existing social, political, and economic system, in keeping with a vision of a new social order.
Revolutionary Movements