Sociologists
Which sociologist introduced the concept of class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat?
Karl Marx
Which theoretical perspective views society as a system of interrelated parts that work together to maintain stability?
Functionalism
What is the systematic study of human society called?
Sociology
What is the shared beliefs, values, behaviors, and material objects that define a group or society?
Culture
What is the term for minor violations of social norms such as talking loudly in a library or cutting in line?
Informal Deviance
Which sociologist studied suicide rates and developed the theory of anomie?
Émile Durkheim
Which theory argues that society is shaped by power struggles and inequality, often between dominant and oppressed groups?
Conflict Theory
What type of research method involves watching people in their natural environment without interfering?
Observation (Ethnography for 500)
What is the belief that one's own culture is superior to others, often leading to judging other cultures by one's own standards?
Ethnocentrism
What term describes how norms break down, leading to confusion and isolation
Anomie
Who emphasized understanding individuals' actions through their own perspective (verstehen) and studied bureaucracy?
Max Weber
Which symbolic interactionist concept suggests that we develop a sense of self based on how others perceive us?
Looking-Glass Self (Charles Cooley)
What is the term for a research method that gathers large amounts of data from a population using standardized questions?
Survey Research
What is the process by which cultures become more similar to one another due to globalization, trade, and communication?
Cultural Diffusion
What is the formal attempt by society to discourage deviance and enforce norms, often through laws and institutions?
Formal Social Control
Who is considered the father of sociology and developed the idea of positivism?
Auguste Comte
What sociological theory suggests that deviance occurs when there is a disconnect between societal goals and the means available to achieve them?
Strain Theory (Robert Merton)
In an experiment, what is the variable that is deliberately changed to observe its effect?
Independent Variable
What term describes the spread of dominant cultural influences-such as American media, fashion, and fast food-on other societies
Cultural Imperialism
According to Merton's Strain Theory, what do we call someone who accepts society's goals but uses illegal or deviant means to achieve them?
Innovator
Which sociologist developed symbolic interactionism, arguing that people shape society through shared meanings of symbols?
George Herbert Mead
Which theory suggests that people learn deviant behavior through social interactions, particularly from close personal groups?
Differential Association Theory (Edwin Sutherland)
What is the term for when a researcher's own values, beliefs, or expectations influence the study's results
Researcher Bias (or Experimenter Effect)
What is the term for the disorientation and discomfort people feel when experiencing an unfamiliar culture with different norms and customs
Culture Shock
What is a behavior that violates norms for a moral cause (like protest)?
Positive Deviance/Civil Disobedience
Which sociologist introduced the concept of "double consciousness," describing how African Americans experience two cultural realities simultaneously?
W.E.B. Du Bois
According to Erving Goffman, what theory compares everyday life to a theatrical performance?
Dramaturgical Theory/Presentation of Self
What kind of research involves interviews or observations?
Qualitative
What is the network of relationships and connections that can provide access to resources or opportunities?
Social Capital
What's the term for crimes by people in power or business?
White-collar crime
Who coined the term "positivism" and believed sociology should be studies scientifically, like the natural sciences?
Auguste Comte
What theory focuses on everyday symbols and shared meanings to understand society?
Symbolic Interactionism
Correlation = association; Causation = direct effect
What is the knowledge, education, or cultural competence that helps someone gain advantage in society?
Cultural Capital
What is the disapproval or negative label that society attaches to those who break norms?
Stigma