Status & Group
Social Structure
Bureaucracy & Control
Conformity & Deviance
Crime
100
Through social structure, society is organized into predictable relationships that facilitate the transmission of culture and even the survival of society.
What is social interaction?
100
These institutions, such as government and the family, fulfill essential social functions that other groups cannot, such as preserving order and perpetuating society.
What are social institutions?
100
As societies have become more complex, large formal organizations and bureaucracies have become more powerful and pervasive. This sociologies theorized that in its ideal type, every bureaucracy has five basic characteristics.
Who is Max Weber?
100
Some forms of deviance carry this, while others are more or less accepted.
What is negative social stigma?
100
Conflict theorists stress that these reflect the interests of the powerful. Feminists emphasize that in crimes involving women, such as rape and prostitution, crime is defined differently, and those involved are treated differently, depending on their gender.
What are laws and sanctions?
200
This type of status is generally assigned to a person at birth and can affect one’s potential for achievement.
What is ascribed status?
200
Groups serve as links to social networks and their vast resources. Today, more and more networking is being done online, some of it in ____ that exist only on the Internet.
What is a virtual world?
200
These are the features of this type of formal organization: division of labor, hierarchical authority, written rules and regulations, impersonality, and employment based on technical qualifications.
What is a bureaucracy?
200
This sociologist noted that people who engage in deviant behavior share many of the same goals and values as people who conform to social norms, though they may differ in the means by which they pursue their goals. His theory is called the anomie theory of deviance.
Who is Robert Merton?
200
This is a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.
What is crime?
300
This status is attained largely through one’s own effort.
What is achieved status?
300
Émile Durkheim thought that social structure depends on the division of labor in a society. According to Durkheim, societies with minimal division of labor have a collective consciousness; and those with greater division of labor show interdependence. He called these two types of collective consciousness _____ and _____.
What is mechanical and organic solidarity?
300
This sociologist defined conformity as going along with one’s peers. Obedience, on the other hand, means compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
Who is Stanley Milgram?
300
This interactionist theorist believed that people learn criminal behavior by associating with others, an approach called cultural transmission. In his theory of differential association, he proposed that deviance results from a person’s exposure to individuals who approve of criminal acts.
Who is Edwin Sutherland?
300
Sociologists differentiate among different types of crimes. This type of crime includes drug use and prostitution.
What is victimless crime?
400
The statuses people carry determine the social roles they play. People who play more than one social role often suffer from ____, but even a single role can create _____.
What is role conflict and role strain?
400
This sociologist contrasted the close-knit type of community that characterizes rural life, with the impersonal type of mass society that characterizes urban life.
Who is Ferdinand Tönnies?
400
Some norms are so important to a society that they are formalized. Socialization is the primary source of both conformity and obedience to this.
What is law?
400
Other interactionists attribute increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions, such as the family, school, church, and local government.
What is social disorganization theory?
400
These two types of crime are defined by a criminals who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals; and a criminal group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in various illegal activities.
What is professional crime and organized crime?
500
People tend to see the world in terms of on of these three types of groups: groups to which they belong, groups they do not belong to or identify with, or groups that set and enforce standards of social conduct, allowing members to compare themselves to others.
What is in-group, out-group, and reference group?
500
In his theory of sociocultural evolution, this sociologist linked the historical development of societies to the technological advances they achieved. He traced their evolution from primitive hunting-and-gathering societies to modern-day postindustrial and postmodern societies.
Who is Gerhard Lenski?
500
This is behavior that violates any social norm, whether it concerns conduct or personal appearance.
What is deviance?
500
Labeling theory emphasizes that society brands some people who engage in a behavior as deviant, but not others, based largely on a person’s social class, race, or ethnicity.
What is the societal-reaction approach?
500
These types of crime are committed in the course of business activities, often by affluent, “respectable” people and often include a type of crime that occurs across multiple national borders.
What is white-collar crime and transnational crime?
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