Education
The persistent differences in academic performance and educational outcomes between groups of students, often associated with socioeconomic status and race-ethnicity.
What is the achievement gap?
A set of beliefs adhered to by the members of a community, incorporating symbols regarded with a sense of awe or wonder together with ritual practices.
What is religion?
Sets of informal and formal social ties that link people together.
What is a social network?
The process of defining a problem in medical terms or using a medical intervention to treat it.
What is medicalization?
A theory that shows how birthrates and death rates are related to stages of industrial development.
What is the demographic transition?
A phenomenon where being viewed through the lens of a positive stereotype may boost confidence and lead one to perform in such a way that confirms positive stereotypes, thereby enhancing performance.
What is stereotype promise?
A process of decline in the influence of religion.
What is secularization?
Resources (e.g., information, knowledge) that accrue to individuals through their network ties.
What is social capital?
Women’s higher levels of empathy and involvement with network members causes them to experience more distress when loved ones experience stress
What is the cost-of-caring hypothesis?
A new model that calls for fertility rates that may continue to fall because of shifts in family structure.
What is the second demographic transition?
A perspective arguing that schools help reproduce existing social and economic inequalities across generations through the hidden curriculum.
What is the social reproduction (critical) perspective?
A theoretical framework within the sociology of religion that argues that religions can be understood as organizations in competition with one another for followers.
What is the religious economy?
Groups that are characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment.
What is a primary group?
The three original factors driving medicalization.
What are: (1) the dominance of the medical profession, (2) social movements or interest groups, and (3) directed organizational or inter/intra professional activities?
The Chicago School (Urban Ecology) view on cities.
What is the perspective that viewed the city as an ecosystem characterized for space and resources, leading to the development of natural areas (e.g., concentric zones)?
The four perspectives describing the purpose of schooling.
What is the: (1) assimilation perspective, (2) credentialism perspective, (3) social reproduction (critical) perspective, and (4) cultural capital perspective (Bourdieu)?
The three types of new religious movements.
What are world-affirming movements, world-rejecting movements, and world-accommodating movements?
Two main aspects of organizations that sociologists are interested in.
What is organizational structure (how power and authority are distributed within an organization) and organizational culture (shared beliefs and behaviors within an organization)?
The three emergent factors driving medicalization.
What are: (1) pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, (2) patients as consumers of healthcare, and (3) managed care organizations?
The critical/political economy perspective on cities.
What is the perspective that views cities as socially constructed environments shaped by power, inequality, and institutional decisions?
The four explanations for the achievement gap.
What is: (1) parental investment in cognitive development, (2) income inequality and material resources, (3) access to broader social resources, and (4) residential segregation?
Marx's, Durkheim's, and Weber's perspectives on religion.
What is the view of religion as (1) a tool of social control/oppression, (2) promoting social cohesion, and (3) a driver of social action and economic behavior?
The three types of social capital and their role/function.
What is social bonding (resources derived from close-knit, emotionally supportive ties to kin and socially similar others), social bridging (resources that accrue to people with loosely connected and (often) weaker ties to non-kin), and social leverage (resources that help people “get ahead” in life and achieve upward social mobility)?
The three main explanations for men's higher mortality rates.
What are: (1) the leading causes of death (e.g., cancer, heart disease) disproportionately affect men, (2) behavioral differences between men and women, and (3) biological differences (e.g., estrogen may protect against heart disease)?
The key influences on the second demographic transition.
What is: (1) delayed marriage, (2) delayed childbearing, (3) rising rates of cohabitation, and (4) ease in obtaining birth control.