C1
A ___________ is a graphic representation of a recorded sound that includes information of both frequency and loudness, usually by plotting frequency against time and indicating intensity by shading or colors.
Spectrogram
_____ ______ are vocalizations that influence the behavior of other individuals.
Vocal Signals
i.e. Chickadees' "chick-d-dee" in winter flocks or the "gargle" used by males in aggressive interactions.
What is the sensitive period (closed learners)?
The period of time during a songbird's neural development when it's able to learn songs from a tutor.
What two things control variation in songs through populations and generations?
Space (populations) and Time (generations)
What are the two main functions of bird songs?
Territorial defense and mate attraction
An ___________ is a graphic representation of a recorded sound where sound intensity is plotted against time.
Oscillogram
A _____ is a long, complex, learned melodic vocalization used by birds to attract mates or defend territory.
Song
A CALL is a simple functional, instinctive vocalization used often for specific communications (alarm calls, foraging, maintaining contact).
What is an open learner?
Birds that are able to learn songs throughout most of their life.
________ are regional variants of songs of particular species.
Dialects.
What are the other features of singing behavior?
Dawn Chorus, Female Song, Duets, and Mimicry
What is an ARU?
Autonomous/Automated Recording Unit.
True or False: The complexity of songs is narrow among bird species.
False; bird song complexity varies widely between species.
What is a subsong?
A quiet practice song made by fledglings (young birds) who are just learning to sing, often practiced at night.
True or False: birds can distinguish individuals based on their vocalizations.
TRUE
This describes their availability to learn the calls and/or songs of neighboring birds versus strangers.
True or False: only male birds make songs?
False; males and females use songs.
What is the main purpose of ARUs?
To passively monitor bird populations, determine presence or absence, collect audio data for species ID, analyze vocalization patterns, and monitor remote or sensitive habitats and nocturnal species.
What is the difference between vocalizations of Oscine birds and Suboscine birds?
Oscine birds can create more complex songs due to their more advanced syrinx muscles, while Suboscines have simplified musculature which makes less complex songs.
What vocalization helps birds attract mates, defend territories, and strengthen social bonds?
Vocal Repertoires
____ clustering can include a few to many thousands of birds.
Spatial
What are duet songs?
Coordinated songs performed by two birds (usually mated pairs).
What model is used to learn song and call patterns through ARUs?
Random Forest Models
What is the primary sound producing organ on birds?
The Syrinx.
What phases do young birds go through while they learn to sing?
The sensory learning and motor learning phases.
True or Fales: songbirds can control the muscles on each side of the syrinx independently, which allows them to produce two sounds simultaneously.
TRUE
Does minimum bird call frequency increase as ambient noise increases?
Yes, as territorial noise increases so does territorial frequency of bird calls. Refer to graph on slide 18.