Ch2
Variation & Lg
Ch3
Variation&Style
Ch4
Lg Attitudes
Ch5
Being Polite
Ch6 Multilingualism
100
The actual realization of a linguistic variable
variant
100
The double-bind researchers find themselves in when what they are interested in knowing is how people behave when they are not being observed but the only way to find out how they behave is to observe them
Observer's Paradox
100
The process by which speakers adapt their linguistic behavior in light of their interlocators' behavior and their attitudes towards their interlocators
accommodation
100
Utterances, which when said, do something; speaker's intent
speech acts
100
This term generally refers to alternations between varieties within a clause or phrase; often elicits more strongly negative evaluations than alternations across clauses
code-mixing
200
A linguistic form that shows both social stratification and style shifting
marker
200
The prestige associated with a variant that speakers are aware of and can talk about in terms of standardness, or aesthetic, and moral evaluations like being "nice" or "better"
overt prestige
200
Accommodation away from the speech of one's interlocators
divergence
200
Speech acts that require the speaker to decide whether or not to mitigate the threat
inherently face-threatening acts
200
Two languages with distinct domains and functional roles in a community
diglossia
300
A linguistic form that shows social stratification but not style shifting
indicator
300
This term refers to the intraspeaker variation that arises because speakers are paying attention to who they are talking to or who might be listening to them
audience design
300
The study of people's subjectively held beliefs about different dialects or linguistic varieties. The focus on "lay" perceptions about language complement the regional dialectologists more objective focus on the way people are recorded as speaking
Perceptual dialectology
300
A face-threatening act that is done with little mitigation
going on record/doing the FTA baldly
300
In code-switching, this type of language provides the basic rules of syntax while the embedded language provides words and phrases
matrix language
400
Here speakers associated with fishing were more likely to use the archaic variants ("heus" for "house") than if they were associated with other occupations
Martha's Vineyard
400
A norm or target that is oriented to without the speaker even being orienting to it. Evidence of it can be found in mismatches between speakers' self-report of using one variant and actual use of another variant
covert prestige
400
The way we perceive the world plays a part in how language is structured
linguistic relativism
400
The type of society that emphasizes the relationships and interdependence of the individuals
collectivist
400
In Montreal, code-switching (CS) in general is not common and this type of CS is rare because the "Anglo" and "French" identities are separate
intra-sentential
500
An example can be found in the Centrals Fens area of Britain, where the East Fens pronunciation of [aj], which is [əi], is used before voiceless consonants while the West Fens pronunciation of [aj], which is [aj], is used before voiced consonants); in other words, competing variants are assigned allophonic status with contextual constraints that differ from those of the contributing dialects
reallocation
500
A steady increase or decrease in a feature along the x-axis of a graph
monotonic
500
This phrase describes the situation in which speakers try to converge with their interlocutor but in the process of trying to converge, speakers end up diverging
subjective convergence/objective divergence
500
The skills and resources speakers need to deploy in order to be competent members of a speech community using language, not only grammatically but appropriately in different contexts with different interlocators
sociolinguistic competence
500
This occurs when one language pushes another language out, often due to migration, industrialization, school pressure, prestige, or small population size
language shift
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