Ch 40 Animal Structure
What is the formula for surface area of a rectangular prism? What about volume?
SA= 2lw + 2lh + 2wh
V= kWh
What are the names of the 4 organs in the GI tract through which food passes through in order?
esophagus -> stomach --> SI --> LI
What are 3 components of the cardiovascular system? Describe the flow of blood through the 5 blood vessels in order.
1. blood
2. heart
3. blood vessels
arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins
What are the 3 parts of the homeostatic control center?
sensor, control center, effector
Where does carbohydrate, protein and fat digestion begin? Where does it end?
carbs= mouth
proteins= stomach
fat= SI
- all digestion completed in SI
What is the difference between an artery and a vein?
artery= takes blood Away from the heart
vein= bring blood to the heart
What are the specific 3 components of the homeostatic control system for LOW blood glucose? Is this a positive or negative feedback loop? What is the name of the hormone that the control center secretes to send information to the effector?
Sensor= alpha cells of the pancreas + hypothalamus
Control center= alpha cells of the pancreas + hypothalamus
Effector= liver
negative feedback
glucagon
What are 3 ways stomach cells protect themselves from being digested by gastric juice?
1) release pepsinogen (inactive) instead of pepsin
2) regulate when to secrete gastric juice
3) mucus lining
What are the 3 steps of the cardiac cycle using the terms systole and diastole? In which steps are AV valves open? Which steps are SL valves open?
What makes the characteristic heart sound: "lub dub"
1. atrial and ventricular diastole (AV valves open)
2. atrial systole and ventricular diastole (AV valves open)
3. ventricular systole and atrial diastole (SL valves open)
lub= AV valves closing
dub= SL valves closing
What are the effectors for body temperature and how will they respond if your set point is 40C since you have the flu and your current body temperature is 38C?
muscles --> shiver
blood vessels --> constrict (vasoconstriction)
How does absorption of sugars and amino acids differ from fat absorption? What structures of the SI increase SA for efficient absorption?
For sugars + aa:
- SI → blood vessels → liver → rest of body
For fat absorption:
- SI → lymph vessels (bc too big to enter blood vessels) → large veins → heart
structures of SI that increase SA= villi, microvilli, folding
pulmonary arteries and vena cava
Cell A has dimensions 5cm x 2cm x 3cm
Cell B has dimensions 4 cm x 3cm x 3cm
Which cell has a faster substance exchange rate?
Cell A: SA= 2(10) + 2(6) + 2(15)= 62cm^2
V= 30cm^3
Cell B: SA= 2(12) + 2(9) + 2(12)= 66cm^2
V= 36cm^3
Cell A has higher SA/V ratio so faster substance exchange
A patient has severe stomach pain after eating a meal and has been diagnosed with gallstones which block the gallbladder. Which macronutrient (carb, protein or fat) in the meal caused this pain? Why?
fat because bile salts will not be delivered to SI from gallbladder due to blockage by gallstone
Fill in the blanks to trace the flow of a drop of blood:
--- atrium --> ---- ventricle --> pulmonary ---- --> pulmonary capillaries --> pulmonary --- --> ---- atrium --> left ---- --> ------ ------- (aorta) --> systemic capillaries --> ------ ------- (vena cava)
right, right, arteries, veins, left, ventricle, systemic artery, systemic vein