Cumulative
You are comparing the SA: V ratios of villi in the small intestine of a healthy patient and a patient with celiac disease (autoimmune condition that leads to destruction of villi). The test results come back but you get the patients mixed up.
Patient A has the following villi measurements: l= 5cm, w= 2cm, h= 2cm
Patient B has the following villi measurements: l= 4cm, w= 3cm, h= 1cm
Which patient (A or B) is the one with celiac disease? How is absorption (increased or decreased) of nutrients in the patient with celiac disease compared to the healthy patient?
Patient A:
SA= 2lw + 2wh + 2lh
= 2(10) + 2(4) + 2(10)= 48cm2
V= lwh= 20cm3
SA/V= 48/20= 2.4 cm-1
Patient B:
SA= 24+ 6 + 8= 38cm2
V= 12 cm3
SA/V= 3.2cm-1
Patient A is the one with celiac disease because lower SA/V ratio; they have decreased nutrient absorption (slowed substance exchange)
Where are receptors for hypothalamic hormones located on?
pituitary gland
What are 2 differences between innate and adaptive immunity?
innate= more general/broad, faster response
adaptive= more specific, slower
1. What ion is responsible for causing NT release into the synaptic cleft?
2. An antagonistic drug (ie. able to bind to the target receptor but produces no response) competes with the neurotransmitter for binding to receptors on the postsynaptic cell. What effect will this drug have on the postsynaptic potential?
1. Ca2+
2. decreased postsynaptic potential
What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?
anterior= can make its own hormones; posterior= can NOT makes its own hormones (releases hormones made by the hypothalamus)
Give one ex. for each of the following: 1) lack of response 2) overactive response 3) incorrect response
1) HIV causing AIDS by killing helper T cells
2) Allergies
3) Autoimmune diseases like MS and T1D
A patient's blood test reveals very low levels of C-peptide. C-peptide is a sign that your body is producing insulin.
1. What type of diabetes would you diagnose this patient with: Type 1 or type 2?
2. Is this condition an example of a lack of response/overactive response/incorrect response by the immune system?
3. Without treatment, what would you expect this person's blood glucose levels to be like: low/high?
4. What treatment would you give this patient.
1. type 1
2. incorrect response bc autoimmune condition
3. high blood glucose bc low insulin
4. insulin injections
Where are receptors for cortisol located (hint: look back at the negative feedback loop)
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
What is the difference between class I MHC and class II MHC?
all your body cells have class I MHC, but antigen-presenting cells have both class I and class II MHC
A drug blocks the activity of AChE (an enzyme that breaks down ACh). What effect will this drug have on the action potentials in the motor neuron and skeletal muscle?
No effect on motor neuron, increased stimulation/AP in skeletal muscle
What are the TRH and TSH levels in a patient that overproduces thyroid hormones (hyperthyroidism) and what is one physical symptom this person may have?
low TRH and TSH levels; weight loss/feel hot
What activates helper T cells? What do helper T cells activate?
when TCR on T cell receptor binds to antigen presented by class II MHC, it activates the helper T cell
helper T cells release cytokines to activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells
You are a mad scientist! You invent a drug and find that it prevents release of hormones from the anterior pituitary (no effect on posterior pituitary).
A patient has a kidney tumor that causes them to have excessive water reabsorption. Can your new drug help treat this patient? Why or why not?
no, because ADH is released by posterior pit
(if drug prevented ADH release, then yes!)
The blood tests of 2 people show the following results:
Patient A: low T3 and low TSH
Patient B: low T3 and high TSH
Where is the location of the problem for person A? What about person B? How do you know? (hint: 2 possible locations for person A!)
Person A= either hypothalamus or anterior pituitary
Person B= thyroid gland
Explain how vaccines work using the concepts of antibody, antigen, B cells, helper T cell, and memory B cells
APC present antigens from the flu viruses on their surface using class II MHC --> Helper T cells with corresponding TCR activate B cells --> clonal expansion of B cells which differentiate into plasma cells (that make antibodies against flu antigen) and memory B cells