Roman Era
What was the process by which Roman culture, language, and laws spread throughout the Iberian Peninsula called?
Romanization
In what year did Muslim forces invade the Iberian Peninsula, beginning the period known as Al-Andalus?
711
In what year did the Catholic Monarchs finish the Reconquest, expel the Jews, and send Columbus to the Americas?
1492
What language did the Romans introduce to the Iberian Peninsula that later evolved into Spanish?
Latin
What city became one of the most important cultural and intellectual centers of Muslim Spain?
Cordoba
Who were the two rulers known as the Catholic Monarchs who united Castile and Aragon?
Isabel and Ferdinand (The Catholic Monarchs)
What religion spread across the Roman Empire after Emperor Constantine’s conversion in 312 and later became dominant in Hispania?
Catholicism
What law allowed Christians and Jews to live under Muslim rule as protected religious minorities in exchange for paying a tax?
What were Jews or Muslims who converted to Christianity called in Spain?
Conversos
Which three key foods of the Mediterranean diet were widely cultivated and standardized by the Romans?
The “Mediterranean triad”: wheat, olive oil, and wine
What is one agricultural product that the Muslims introduced to the Iberian peninsula?
Sugarcane
Rice
Cotton
Silk
Citrus fruits
Pears
Apricots
Spinach
Eggplants
Carrots
Saffron
Bananas
Palm trees
What institution was created to identify heresy and ensure that converts to Christianity were practicing the faith sincerely?
The Inquisition
What is one characteristic of Roman cities?
Grid layout
Forum (administrative and civic center)
Basilicas (legal/business halls)
Baths
Theaters and amphitheaters
Temples
Aqueduct systems
What is one key characteristic of Moorish architecture?
Horseshoe arches
Geometric tile patterns (zellige)
Calligraphy used as decoration
Interior courtyards
Fountains and water features
What term refers to the shared cultural identity connecting Spain with the Spanish-speaking world?